Biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from savannas in South Africa: The impact of wetting and burning

1996 ◽  
Vol 101 (D19) ◽  
pp. 23689-23697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Levine ◽  
Edward L. Winstead ◽  
Dirk A. B. Parsons ◽  
Mary C. Scholes ◽  
Robert J. Scholes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Emissions ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Emissions of Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide from Soils of Native and Exotic Ecosystems of the Amazon and Cerrado Regions of Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 312-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Davidson ◽  
Mercedes M.C. Bustamante ◽  
Alexandre de Siqueira Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Soil Emissions ◽  
Amazonian Forests ◽  
The Impact ◽  
No Emissions

This paper reviews reports of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from soils of the Amazon and Cerrado regions of Brazil. N2O is a stable greenhouse gas in the troposphere and participates in ozone-destroying reactions in the stratosphere, whereas NO participates in tropospheric photochemical reactions that produce ozone. Tropical forests and savannas are important sources of atmospheric N2O and NO, but rapid land use change could be affecting these soil emissions of N oxide gases. The five published estimates for annual emissions of N2O from soils of mature Amazonian forests are remarkably consistent, ranging from 1.4 to 2.4 kg N ha–1 year–1, with a mean of 2.0 kg N ha–1 year–1. Estimates of annual emissions of NO from Amazonian forests are also remarkably similar, ranging from 1.4 to 1.7 kg N ha–1 year–1, with a mean of 1.5 kg N ha–1 year–1. Although a doubling or tripling of N2O has been observed in some young (<2 years) cattle pastures relative to mature forests, most Amazonian pastures have lower emissions than the forests that they replace, indicating that forest-topasture conversion has, on balance, probably reduced regional emissions slightly (<10%). Secondary forests also have lower soil emissions than mature forests. The same patterns apply for NO emissions in Amazonia. At the only site in Cerrado where vegetation measurements have been made N2O emissions were below detection limits and NO emissions were modest (~0.4 kg N ha–1 year–1). Emissions of NO doubled after fire and increased by a factor of ten after wetting dry soil, but these pulses lasted only a few hours to days. As in Amazonian pastures, NO emissions appear to decline with pasture age. Detectable emissions of N2O have been measured in soybean and corn fields in the Cerrado region, but they are modest relative to fluxes measured in more humid tropical agricultural regions. No measurements of NO from agricultural soils in the Cerrado region have been made, but we speculate that they could be more important than N2O emissions in this relatively dry climate. While a consistent pattern is emerging from these studies in the Amazon region, far too few data exist for the Cerrado region to assess the impact of land use changes on N oxide emissions.

scholarly journals The impact of atmospheric N deposition and N fertilizer type on soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from agricultural and forest Eutric Regosols

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Song ◽  
Julia Drewer ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Minghua Zhou ◽  
Nicholas Cowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract Agricultural and forest soils with low organic C content and high alkalinity were studied over 17 days to investigate the potential response of the atmospheric pollutant nitric oxide (NO) and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) on (1) increased N deposition rates to forest soil; (2) different fertilizer types to agricultural soil and (3) a simulated rain event to forest and agricultural soils. Cumulative forest soil NO emissions (148–350 ng NO-N g−1) were ~ 4 times larger than N2O emissions (37–69 ng N2O-N g−1). Contrary, agricultural soil NO emissions (21–376 ng NO-N g−1) were ~ 16 times smaller than N2O emissions (45–8491 ng N2O-N g−1). Increasing N deposition rates 10 fold to 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1, doubled soil NO emissions and NO3− concentrations. As such high N deposition rates are not atypical in China, more attention should be paid on forest soil NO research. Comparing the fertilizers urea, ammonium nitrate, and urea coated with the urease inhibitor ‘Agrotain®,’ demonstrated that the inhibitor significantly reduced NO and N2O emissions. This is an unintended, not well-known benefit, because the primary function of Agrotain® is to reduce emissions of the atmospheric pollutant ammonia. Simulating a climate change event, a large rainfall after drought, increased soil NO and N2O emissions from both agricultural and forest soils. Such pulses of emissions can contribute significantly to annual NO and N2O emissions, but currently do not receive adequate attention amongst the measurement and modeling communities.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission from Hungarian forest soils; link with atmospheric N-deposition

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Horváth ◽  
E. Führer ◽  
K. Lajtha
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Emissions ◽  
One Year

Abstract. Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs to the atmosphere in wet and dry precipitation and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrification has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of nitrogen oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an ecosystem nitrogen budget. During one year (2002-2003), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N2O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 µgNm-2h-1, and for N2O were 15 and 20 µgNm-2h-1, for spruce and oak soils, respectively. The previously determined nitrogen balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was re-calculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry + wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 and 1.59gNm-2yr-1 for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 gNm-2yr-1. Thus, about 10-13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as NH3/NH4+ and HNO3/NO3-, are transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as a greenhouse gas (N2O).

Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide from Injected Anhydrous Ammonium and Urea

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1378-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Thornton ◽  
Bert R. Bock ◽  
Don D. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Emissions

The effects of fire on biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Levine ◽  
Wesley R. Cofer ◽  
Daniel I. Sebacher ◽  
Edward L. Winstead ◽  
Shirley Sebacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Emissions

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil

Some Reflections on Reparation in Post-Apartheid South Africa, using a Couple Therapy Intervention as a Microcosm of South African Society

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hill ◽  
Sylvia Poss
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Depressive Position ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Transference And Countertransference ◽  
Constructive Engagement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Therapy Intervention

The paper addresses the question of reparation in post-apartheid South Africa. The central hypothesis of the paper is that in South Africa current traumas or losses, such as the 2008 xenophobic attacks, may activate a ‘shared unconscious phantasy’ of irreparable damage inflicted by apartheid on the collective psyche of the South African nation which could block constructive engagement and healing. A brief couple therapy intervention by a white therapist with a black couple is used as a ‘microcosm’ to explore this question. The impact of an extreme current loss, when earlier losses have been sustained, is explored. Additionally, the impact of racial difference on the transference and countertransference between the therapist and the couple is explored to illustrate factors complicating the productive grieving and working through of the depressive position towards reparation.

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