Emission factors for particles, elemental carbon, and trace gases from the Kuwait oil fires

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (D13) ◽  
pp. 14491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista K. Laursen ◽  
Ronald J. Ferek ◽  
Peter V. Hobbs ◽  
Rei A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Emission Factors

scholarly journals Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – An updated assessment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinrat O. Andreae
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Global Activity

Abstract. Since the publication of the compilation of biomass burning emission factors by Andreae and Merlet (2001), a large number of studies has greatly expanded the amount of available data on emissions from various types of biomass burning. Using essentially the same methodology as Andreae and Merlet (2001), this paper presents an updated compilation of emission factors. The data from over 350 published studies were critically evaluated and integrated into a consistent format. Several new categories of biomass burning have been added, and the number of species for which emission data are presented has been increased from 93 to 121. Where field data are still insufficient, estimates based on appropriate extrapolation techniques are proposed. Based on these emission factors and published global activity estimates, I have derived estimates of pyrogenic emissions for important species emitted by the various types of biomass burning.

scholarly journals Emission Factors of Particulate Matter and Elemental Carbon for Crop Residues and Coals Burned in Typical Household Stoves in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (18) ◽  
pp. 7157-7162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Shen ◽  
Yifeng Yang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Shu Tao ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Emission Factors

scholarly journals Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 6319-6334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Chongguo Tian ◽  
Diming Lou ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Engine Type ◽  
Engine Power

Abstract. Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600 kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8 g kWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09 g kWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2 g kg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115 g kg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40 g kg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs.

Emission factors of PAHs, methoxyphenols, levoglucosan, elemental carbon and organic carbon from simulated wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burns

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2660-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranil Dhammapala ◽  
Candis Claiborn ◽  
Jorge Jimenez ◽  
Jeffrey Corkill ◽  
Brian Gullett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Emission Factors

scholarly journals Measurements of reactive trace gases and variable O<sub>3</sub> formation rates in some South Carolina biomass burning plumes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Akagi ◽  
R. J. Yokelson ◽  
I. R. Burling ◽  
S. Meinardi ◽  
I. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases

Abstract. In October–November 2011 we measured trace gas emission factors from seven prescribed fires in South Carolina (SC), US, using two Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) systems and whole air sampling (WAS) into canisters followed by gas-chromatographic analysis. A total of 97 trace gas species were quantified from both airborne and ground-based sampling platforms, making this one of the most detailed field studies of fire emissions to date. The measurements include the first emission factors for a suite of monoterpenes produced by heating vegetative fuels during field fires. The first quantitative FTIR observations of limonene in smoke are reported along with an expanded suite of monoterpenes measured by WAS including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, 4-carene, and myrcene. The known chemistry of the monoterpenes and their measured abundance of 0.4–27.9% of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) and ~ 21% of organic aerosol (mass basis) suggests that they impacted secondary formation of ozone (O3), aerosols, and small organic trace gases such as methanol and formaldehyde in the sampled plumes in the first few hours after emission. The variability in the initial terpene emissions in the SC fire plumes was high and, in general, the speciation of the initially emitted gas-phase NMOCs was 13–195% different from that observed in a similar study in nominally similar pine forests in North Carolina ~ 20 months earlier. It is likely that differences in stand structure and environmental conditions contributed to the high variability observed within and between these studies. Similar factors may explain much of the variability in initial emissions in the literature. The ΔHCN/ΔCO emission ratio, however, was found to be fairly consistent with previous airborne fire measurements in other coniferous-dominated ecosystems, with the mean for these studies being 0.90 ± 0.06%, further confirming the value of HCN as a biomass burning tracer. The SC results also support an earlier finding that C3-C4 alkynes may be of use as biomass burning indicators on the time-scale of hours to a day. It was possible to measure the downwind chemical evolution of the plume on four of the fires and significant O3 formation (ΔO3/ΔCO from 10–90%) occurred in all of these plumes within two hours. The slowest O3 production was observed on a cloudy day with low co-emission of NOx. The fastest O3 production was observed on a sunny day when the downwind plume almost certainly incorporated significant additional NOx by passing over the Columbia, SC metropolitan area. Due to rapid plume dilution, it was only possible to acquire high-quality downwind data for two other trace gas species (formaldehyde and methanol) during two of the fires. In all four of these cases, significant increases in formaldehyde and methanol were observed in <2 h. This is likely the first direct observation of post-emission methanol production in biomass burning plumes. Post-emission production of methanol does not always happen in young biomass burning plumes, and its occurrence in this study could have involved terpene precursors to a significant extent.

scholarly journals Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 8523-8546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinrat O. Andreae
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Global Activity

Abstract. Since the publication of the compilation of biomass burning emission factors by Andreae and Merlet (2001), a large number of studies have greatly expanded the amount of available data on emissions from various types of biomass burning. Using essentially the same methodology as Andreae and Merlet (2001), this paper presents an updated compilation of emission factors. The data from over 370 published studies were critically evaluated and integrated into a consistent format. Several new categories of biomass burning were added, and the number of species for which emission data are presented was increased from 93 to 121. Where field data are still insufficient, estimates based on appropriate extrapolation techniques are proposed. For key species, the updated emission factors are compared with previously published values. Based on these emission factors and published global activity estimates, I have derived estimates of pyrogenic emissions for important species released by the various types of biomass burning.

scholarly journals Measurements of reactive trace gases and variable O<sub>3</sub> formation rates in some South Carolina biomass burning plumes

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 25255-25328 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Akagi ◽  
R. J. Yokelson ◽  
I. R. Burling ◽  
S. Meinardi ◽  
I. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases

Abstract. In October–November 2011 we measured trace gas emission factors from seven prescribed fires in South Carolina (SC), US, using two Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) systems and whole air sampling (WAS) into canisters followed by gas-chromatographic analysis. A total of 97 trace gas species were quantified from both airborne and ground-based sampling platforms, making this one of the most detailed field studies of fire emissions to date. The measurements include the first emission factors for a suite of monoterpenes produced by heating vegetative fuels during field fires. The first quantitative FTIR observations of limonene in smoke are reported along with an expanded suite of monoterpenes measured by WAS including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, 4-carene, and myrcene. The known chemistry of the monoterpenes and their measured abundance of 0.4–27.9% of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) and ~21% of organic aerosol (mass basis) suggests that they impacted secondary formation of ozone (O3), aerosols, and small organic trace gases such as methanol and formaldehyde in the sampled plumes in first few hours after emission. The variability in the initial terpene emissions in the SC fire plumes was high and, in general, the speciation of the initially emitted gas-phase NMOCs was 13–195% different from that observed in a similar study in nominally similar pine forests in North Carolina ~20 months earlier. It is likely that differences in stand structure and environmental conditions contributed to the high variability observed within and between these studies. Similar factors may explain much of the variability in initial emissions in the literature. The ΔHCN/ΔCO emission ratio, however, was found to be fairly consistent with previous airborne fire measurements in other coniferous-dominated ecosystems, with the mean for these studies being 0.90 ± 0.06%, further confirming the value of HCN as a biomass burning tracer. The SC results also support an earlier finding that C3-C4 alkynes may be of use as biomass burning indicators on the time-scale of hours to a day. It was possible to measure the downwind chemical evolution of the plume on four of the fires and significant O3 formation (ΔO3/ΔCO from 10–90%) occurred in all of these plumes within two hours. The slowest O3 production was observed on a cloudy day with low co-emission of NOx. The fastest O3 production was observed on a sunny day when the downwind plume almost certainly incorporated significant additional NOx by passing over the Columbia, SC metropolitan area. Due to rapid plume dilution, it was only possible to acquire high-quality downwind data for two other trace gas species (formaldehyde and methanol) during two of the fires. In all four of these cases, significant increases in formaldehyde and methanol were observed in <2 h. This is likely the first direct observation of post-emission methanol production in biomass burning plumes. Post-emission production of methanol does not always happen in young biomass burning plumes, and its occurrence in this study could have involved terpene precursors to a significant extent.

scholarly journals Emission Factors for Biofuels and Coal Combustion in a Domestic Boiler of 18 kW

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Marianna Czaplicka ◽  
Ewelina Cieślik ◽  
Bogusław Komosiński ◽  
Tomasz Rachwał
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Total Particulate Matter

The differences in the pollutant emissions from the combustion of bituminous coal and biofuels (wood, straw, and miscanthus pellets) under real-world boiler operating conditions were investigated. The experiments were performed on an experimental installation that comprised an 18 kW boiler, used in domestic central heating systems, equipped with a retort furnace, an automatic fuel feeder, a combustion air fan, and a fuel storage bin. The emission factors of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some PAH concentration ratios for coal and biofuel combustion, were determined. The obtained results indicate that fuel properties have a strong influence on the emission factors of gaseous and carbonaceous pollutants. The total particulate matter (PM) emissions from the biofuel combustion were about 5-fold lower than those from the coal burned in the same boiler. The emission factors of the total carbons from the biofuel combustion were between 10 and 20 times lower than those from the coal combustion. The mean organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) emission factors, based on the burned fuel, were 161–232 and 42–221 mg/kg for the biofuels and 1264 and 3410 g/kg for the coal, respectively. The obtained results indicate that molecular diagnostic ratios, based on the concentration of PAHs, vary significantly, depending on the fuel type.

scholarly journals New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 1: methods and Australian temperate forest fires

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4327-4381 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paton-Walsh ◽  
T. E. L. Smith ◽  
E. L. Young ◽  
D. W. T. Griffith ◽  
É.-A. Guérette
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Hazard Reduction ◽  
Open Path

Abstract. Biomass burning releases trace gases and aerosol particles that significantly affect the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere. Australia contributes approximately 8% of gross global carbon emissions from biomass burning, yet there are few previous measurements of emissions from Australian forest fires available in the literature. This paper describes the results of field measurements of trace gases emitted during hazard reduction burns in Australian temperate forests using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In a companion paper, similar techniques are used to characterise the emissions from hazard reduction burns in the savanna regions of the Northern Territory. Details of the experimental methods are explained, including both the measurement set-up and the analysis techniques employed. The advantages and disadvantages of different ways to estimate whole-fire emission factors are discussed and a measurement uncertainty budget is developed.

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