Identification of the Mount Hudson volcanic cloud over SE Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Barton ◽  
A. J. Prata ◽  
I. G. Watterson ◽  
S. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Cloud

scholarly journals Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Engwell ◽  
L. Mastin ◽  
A. Tupper ◽  
J. Kibler ◽  
P. Acethorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Cloud Monitoring ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

AbstractUnderstanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. The analysis highlights the VAA data as an exceptional resource documenting global volcanic activity on timescales that complement more widely used eruption datasets.

scholarly journals Real Time Volcanic Cloud Products and Predictions for Aviation Alerts

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolay Krotkov ◽  
Shahid Habib ◽  
Arlindo da Silva ◽  
Eric Hughes ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

scholarly journals Opportunistic validation of sulfur dioxide in the Sarychev Peak volcanic eruption cloud

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1705-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Carn ◽  
T. M. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Eruption Cloud ◽  
Kurile Islands ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Lidar Observations ◽  
Sarychev Peak

Abstract. We report attempted validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sulfur dioxide (SO2) retrievals in the stratospheric volcanic cloud from Sarychev Peak (Kurile Islands) in June 2009, through opportunistic deployment of a ground-based ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer (FLYSPEC) as the volcanic cloud drifted over central Alaska. The volcanic cloud altitude (~12–14 km) was constrained using coincident CALIPSO lidar observations. By invoking some assumptions about the spatial distribution of SO2, we derive averages of FLYSPEC vertical SO2 columns for comparison with OMI SO2 measurements. Despite limited data, we find minimum OMI-FLYSPEC differences within measurement uncertainties, which support the validity of the operational OMI SO2 algorithm. However, our analysis also highlights the challenges involved in comparing datasets representing markedly different spatial and temporal scales. This effort represents the first attempt to validate SO2 in a stratospheric volcanic cloud using a mobile ground-based instrument, and demonstrates the need for a network of rapidly deployable instruments for validation of space-based volcanic SO2 measurements.

The 2015 Calbuco Volcanic Cloud Detection Using GNSS Radio Occultation and Satellite Lidar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Tournigand ◽  
Valeria Cigala ◽  
Alfredo J. Prata ◽  
Andrea K. Steiner ◽  
Gottfried Kirchengast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

scholarly journals Long range transport and fate of a stratospheric volcanic cloud from Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 4657-4672 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Prata ◽  
S. A. Carn ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
J. Kerkmann
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Volcanic Gases ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Soufriere Hills Volcano ◽  
Soufrière Hills Volcano ◽  
Soufriere Hills ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions emit gases, ash particles and hydrometeors into the atmosphere, occasionally reaching great heights to reside in the stratospheric overworld where they affect the radiative balance of the atmosphere and the earth's climate. Here we use satellite measurements and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to determine the mass loadings, vertical penetration, horizontal extent, dispersion and transport of volcanic gases and particles in the stratosphere from the volcanic cloud emitted during the 20 May 2006 eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. Infrared, ultraviolet and microwave radiation measurements from two polar orbiters are used to quantify the gases and particles, and track the movement of the cloud for 23 days, over a distance of ~18 000 km. Approximately, 0.1±0.01 Tg(S) was injected into the stratosphere in the form of SO2: the largest single sulfur input to the stratosphere in 2006. Microwave Limb Sounder measurements indicate an enhanced mass of HCl of ~0.003–0.01 Tg. Geosynchronous satellite data reveal the rapid nature of the stratospheric injection and indicate that the eruption cloud contained ~2 Tg of ice, with very little ash reaching the stratosphere. These new satellite measurements of volcanic gases and particles can be used to test the sensitivity of climate to volcanic forcing and assess the impact of stratospheric sulfates on climate cooling.

scholarly journals Evidence of the El Chichón stratospheric volcanic cloud in Northern Greece

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
C. S. Zerefos
Keyword(s):  
Northern Greece ◽  
El Chichón ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
El Chichon

El borde norte de los residuos del SO2 volcánico lanzado a la estratósfera por El Chichón fue rastreado en Tesalónica (41°N) desde principios del verano de 1982. La evidencia se basa en mediciones de rutina del SO2 columnar, hechas con el espectrofotómetro Brewer Mark ll fuera de la ciudad de Tesalónica. Tomando en cuenta la contribución de la contaminación troposférica al SO2 columnar, se espera que alrededor de 2 m-atm-cm del SO2 columnar pueda atribuirse a la carga estratosférica de origen volcánico.

scholarly journals Simulation of ash clouds after a Laacher See-type eruption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Niemeier ◽  
Felix Riede ◽  
Claudia Timmreck
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Volcanism ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
North East ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
The Impact

<p>The large explosive eruption of the Laacher See volcano c. 12,900 yrs BP marked the end of explosive volcanism in the East Eifel volcanic zone (Germany). We have reviewed the current evidence for the impact of the Laacher See Eruption (LSE) on the immediate and wider environment as recorded in a range of proxies with a series of interactive stratospheric aerosol model experiments. Recent studies about the climate impact of NH extratropical eruptions and new insights about the dating of the LSE warrant a return to this cataclysmic eruption and its potential influence on Northern Hemisphere climate. Rather detailed reconstructions of its eruption dynamics have been proposed. The eruption might have lasted several weeks or even months, most likely with an initial (~10h) intense early phase resulting in deposits over north-east Germany and the Baltic Sea, and a slightly later and weaker phase leaving deposits south of the volcano towards the Alps.</p><p>Our interactive stratospheric aerosol model experiments are based on a reference LSE experiment with emission estimates of 20 Tg of sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) and 200 Tg of fine-ash, across two eruptive phases in May and June. Additional sensitivity experiments reflect the estimated range of uncertainty of the injection rate and altitude and, assess how the solar-absorptive heating from the 150 Tg of sub-micron ash emitted in the first eruptive phase changed the LSE cloud’s dispersion. Our simulations reveal that the heating of the ash likely played an important role in the transport of ash and sulfate. Depending on the altitude of the injection, our simulated volcanic cloud begins to rotate shortly after the eruption. This meso-cyclone, as well as the additional radiative heating of the fine ash then changes the dispersion of the cloud to be more southerly compared to dispersal estimated without fine-ash heating. Sulfate transport is similarly impacted by the heating of the ash, resulting in a stronger transport to low-latitudes, later arrival of the volcanic cloud in the Arctic regions and a longer lifetime compared to cases without injection of fine ash.</p>

Volcanic ash detection and retrievals using SLSTR. Test case: 2019 Raikoke  eruption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Petracca ◽  
Davide De Santis ◽  
Stefano Corradini ◽  
Lorenzo Guerrieri ◽  
Matteo Picchiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Thermal Infrared ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Effective Radius ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

<p>When an eruption event occurs it is necessary to accurately and rapidly determine the position and evolution during time of the volcanic cloud and its parameters (such as Aerosol Optical Depth-AOD, effective radius-Re and mass-Ma of the ash particles), in order to ensure the aviation security and the prompt management of the emergencies.</p><p>Here we present different procedures for volcanic ash cloud detection and retrieval using S3 SLSTR (Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer) data collected the 22 June at 00:07 UTC by the Sentinel-3A platform during the Raikoke (Kuril Islands) 2019 eruption.</p><p>The volcanic ash detection is realized by applying an innovative machine learning based algorithm, which uses a MultiLayer Perceptron Neural Network (NN) to classify a SLSTR image in eight different surfaces/objects, distinguishing volcanic and weather clouds, and the underlying surfaces. The results obtained with the NN procedure have been compared with two consolidated approaches based on an RGB channels combination in the visible (VIS) spectral range and the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) procedure that exploits the thermal infrared (TIR) channels centred at 11 and 12 microns (S8 and S9 SLSTR channels respectively). The ash volcanic cloud is correctly identified by all the models and the results indicate a good agreement between the NN classification approach, the VIS-RGB and BTD procedures.</p><p>The ash retrieval parameters (AOD, Re and Ma) are obtained by applying three different algorithms, all exploiting the volcanic cloud “mask” obtained from the NN detection approach. The first method is the Look Up Table (LUT<sub>p</sub>) procedure, which uses a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) to simulate the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) radiances in the SLSTR thermal infrared channels (S8, S9), by varying the aerosol optical depth and the effective radius. The second algorithm is the Volcanic Plume Retrieval (VPR), based on a linearization of the radiative transfer equation capable to retrieve, from multispectral satellite images, the abovementioned parameters. The third approach is a NN model, which is built on a training set composed by the inputs-outputs pairs TOA radiances vs. ash parameters. The results of the three retrieval methods have been compared, considering as reference the LUT<sub>p</sub> procedure, since that it is the most consolidated approach. The comparison shown promising agreement between the different methods, leading to the development of an integrated approach for the monitoring of volcanic ash clouds using SLSTR.</p><p>The results presented in this work have been obtained in the sphere of the VISTA (Volcanic monItoring using SenTinel sensors by an integrated Approach) project, funded by ESA and developed within the EO Science for Society framework [https://eo4society.esa.int/projects/vista/].</p>

scholarly journals Large-scale particulate air pollution and chemical fingerprint of volcanic sulfate aerosols from the 2014-15 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Bárðarbunga volcano (Iceland)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Boichu ◽  
Olivier Favez ◽  
Véronique Riffault ◽  
Colette Brogniez ◽  
Jean Sciare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Speciation ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Chemical Fingerprint ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
Concentration Ratios ◽  
Monitoring Stations

Abstract. Volcanic sulfate aerosols play a key role on air quality and climate. However, the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) precursor gas to sulfate aerosols (SO42−) in volcanic clouds is poorly known, especially in the troposphere. Here we determine the chemical speciation, lifetime and impact on air quality of sulfate aerosols from the 2014–15 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Bárðarbunga icelandic volcano. To do so, we jointly analyze a set of SO2 observations from satellite (OMPS and IASI) and ground-level measurements from air quality monitoring stations together with, for the first time, high temporal resolution mass spectrometry measurements of Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) performed far from the source. We explore month/year-long ACSM data in France from stations in contrasted environments, close and far from industrial sulfur-rich activities. We demonstrate that aged volcanic sulfate aerosols exhibit a distinct chemical fingerprint, with NO3 : SO4 and Organic : SO4 concentration ratios higher than freshly-emitted industrial sulfate but lower than background aerosols in urban/rural conditions. Combining AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sunphotometric data with ACSM observations, we also show a long persistence over weeks of volcanic sulfate aerosols while SO2 disappears in a few days at most. Finally, gathering 6 month-long datasets from 19 sulfur monitoring stations of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network allows us to demonstrate a much broader large-scale European particulate pollution in SO4 associated to the Holuhraun eruption, from Scandinavia to France. Exploiting these in-situ data, we also show the various rates of SO2 oxidation observed in the volcanic cloud, with SO2 : SO4 concentration ratios ranging in 0.6–7, distinct from background conditions of about 50. Most current studies generally focus on SO2, an unambiguous and more readily measured marker of the volcanic cloud. However, our results here on sulfate aerosols raise fundamental questions about the cumulative impact of tropospheric eruptions on air quality, health, atmospheric composition and climate, which may be significantly underestimated.

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