A source inventory for atmospheric methane in New Zealand and its global perspective

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (D4) ◽  
pp. 3751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Lassey ◽  
David C. Lowe ◽  
Martin R. Manning ◽  
Garry C. Waghorn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Atmospheric Methane

scholarly journals Evaluating methane outputs from an area of submarine seeps along the northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Higgs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Bubble Rise ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Entire Height ◽  
Global Oceans

<p>Collated global marine surveys have documented large volumes of gaseous methane able to escape from deeply-buried deposits into global oceans as seeps. Seeps are evident where permeable faults and fracture networks allow for the upward transportation of methane from buried deposits into the water column as plumes of rising bubbles. Seep bubbles dissolve the majority of their constitutive methane into the surrounding water column as they rise; however there is evidence of more-prominent seeps transferring undissolved methane through the water column and into the atmosphere.  Due to the biologic origins of methane, the global distribution of buried methane de-posits is highly varied and difficult to predict. High uncertainties in seep locations have resulted in all previous estimations of the global proportion of atmospheric methane attributed to seeps to have very large associated errors. These are mainly due to large extrapolations over global oceans based on findings from surveyed seep fields.  A 2014 NIWA research voyage saw the discovery of an abundant seep field situated at uncharacteristically shallow water depths (150–300 m below sea level) along the raised continental shelf of the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. In comparison to other globally documented seep fields, the Hikurangi Margin seeps are numerous (estimated between 585 and 660 surveyed seeps) and cover a large area (∼ 840 km²). Prior to the discovery of this seep field, there was only evidence of 36 seeps along the entire Hikurangi Margin. Acoustically surveyed bubble-rise paths of newly discovered seeps also show evidence of seeps extending the entire height of the water column. The large number of shallow flares present in the abundant seep field represent the potential for considerable amounts of gaseous methane outputs.  To further investigate these seeps, NIWA voyages TAN1505 and TAN1508 that took place in June and July of 2015 employed a range of scientific equipment to analyse features of the rising seep bubbles. Part of these investigations involved the video recordings of rising seep bubbles from the seafloor as well as acoustically surveying rising bubbles using a singlebeam and multibeam echsounder. We have used video and acoustic data sets to create multiple tools and computational techniques for better assessing features of seeps.  We have developed photogrammetric tools that can be used in Matlab to compute bubble-size distributions and bubble-rise rates from still frames of underwater video footage. These bubble parameters have then been combined with singlebeam recorded flare profiles to calculate the flux of emitted methane at the seafloor. These calculations were carried out using the FlareFlow Matlab module, devised by Mario Veloso.  To assess the number of seeps in a multibeam surveyed region, we have created vertically-summed intensity maps of the obtained water column data. Summed-intensity maps display localised high-amplitude features, indicative of seeps. Seep indicators have been used to (1) map the distribution of seeps of the surveyed Hikurangi Margin, (2) assess the total surveyed seep count, and (3) identify regions where seep concentrations are particularly high.  We have combined methane fluxes from analysed seeps with regional seep-distribution maps to approximate the rate at which gaseous methane is escaping from the seafloor across the seep field. Extrapolating seep emissions over the surveyed area approximates 0.99×10⁵ ±0.64×10⁵ m³/yr of undissolved methane is being released across the seep field. Using models of methane preservation, combined with staggered depth models of flares, we have approximated that ∼ 0.2% of the methane emitted at the seafloor is able to reach the atmosphere.</p>

Radiocarbon determination of atmospheric methane at Baring Head, New Zealand

Nature ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 332 (6164) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Lowe ◽  
Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽  
Martin R. Manning ◽  
Rodger Sparks ◽  
Gavin Wallace
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Methane

scholarly journals Evaluating methane outputs from an area of submarine seeps along the northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Higgs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Bubble Rise ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Entire Height ◽  
Global Oceans

<p>Collated global marine surveys have documented large volumes of gaseous methane able to escape from deeply-buried deposits into global oceans as seeps. Seeps are evident where permeable faults and fracture networks allow for the upward transportation of methane from buried deposits into the water column as plumes of rising bubbles. Seep bubbles dissolve the majority of their constitutive methane into the surrounding water column as they rise; however there is evidence of more-prominent seeps transferring undissolved methane through the water column and into the atmosphere.  Due to the biologic origins of methane, the global distribution of buried methane de-posits is highly varied and difficult to predict. High uncertainties in seep locations have resulted in all previous estimations of the global proportion of atmospheric methane attributed to seeps to have very large associated errors. These are mainly due to large extrapolations over global oceans based on findings from surveyed seep fields.  A 2014 NIWA research voyage saw the discovery of an abundant seep field situated at uncharacteristically shallow water depths (150–300 m below sea level) along the raised continental shelf of the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. In comparison to other globally documented seep fields, the Hikurangi Margin seeps are numerous (estimated between 585 and 660 surveyed seeps) and cover a large area (∼ 840 km²). Prior to the discovery of this seep field, there was only evidence of 36 seeps along the entire Hikurangi Margin. Acoustically surveyed bubble-rise paths of newly discovered seeps also show evidence of seeps extending the entire height of the water column. The large number of shallow flares present in the abundant seep field represent the potential for considerable amounts of gaseous methane outputs.  To further investigate these seeps, NIWA voyages TAN1505 and TAN1508 that took place in June and July of 2015 employed a range of scientific equipment to analyse features of the rising seep bubbles. Part of these investigations involved the video recordings of rising seep bubbles from the seafloor as well as acoustically surveying rising bubbles using a singlebeam and multibeam echsounder. We have used video and acoustic data sets to create multiple tools and computational techniques for better assessing features of seeps.  We have developed photogrammetric tools that can be used in Matlab to compute bubble-size distributions and bubble-rise rates from still frames of underwater video footage. These bubble parameters have then been combined with singlebeam recorded flare profiles to calculate the flux of emitted methane at the seafloor. These calculations were carried out using the FlareFlow Matlab module, devised by Mario Veloso.  To assess the number of seeps in a multibeam surveyed region, we have created vertically-summed intensity maps of the obtained water column data. Summed-intensity maps display localised high-amplitude features, indicative of seeps. Seep indicators have been used to (1) map the distribution of seeps of the surveyed Hikurangi Margin, (2) assess the total surveyed seep count, and (3) identify regions where seep concentrations are particularly high.  We have combined methane fluxes from analysed seeps with regional seep-distribution maps to approximate the rate at which gaseous methane is escaping from the seafloor across the seep field. Extrapolating seep emissions over the surveyed area approximates 0.99×10⁵ ±0.64×10⁵ m³/yr of undissolved methane is being released across the seep field. Using models of methane preservation, combined with staggered depth models of flares, we have approximated that ∼ 0.2% of the methane emitted at the seafloor is able to reach the atmosphere.</p>

Evaluation of post-GFC policy response of New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-414
Author(s):  
Syrus M. Islam ◽  
Noel Yahanpath
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Credit Cycle ◽  
The Government

Purpose – The paper aims to evaluate the role played by a recent banking and macro-prudential regime in addressing the financial crisis in New Zealand (NZ). Design/methodology/approach – The basic methodology used in this paper is the “documentary research method”. For this study data have been collected from various published sources. Findings – We find that the NZ government is one of the first few countries to implement Basel III to ensure the robustness of its banking sector while calibrating it to the unique needs of the economy and is in the process of phasing in several macro-prudential instruments (e.g. countercyclical capital buffer ore funding ratio sectoral capital requirement and loan-to-value ratio) to smooth the credit cycle of the economy. However implementing different requirements of a new policy has some challenges. Research limitations/implications – Further research may be carried out to investigate the policy responses of the government from corporate governance and other regulatory perspectives. Practical implications – This study identifies the effectiveness as well as some challenges faced when implementing different requirements of the new policy that may facilitate the policy makers to take appropriate action as required. Originality/value – This study provides a unique insight into the post-GFC scenario with regard to the government policy response in the banking sector and macro-prudential system that may provide the world with a financial-system warrant of fitness. It is one of the very few studies that showcase a global perspective and to our knowledge it is the first of its kind in NZ in the post-global financial crisis period.

Corporal Punishment and the Law in Global Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 292-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Primary Focus

Debates over corporal punishment’s effectiveness have come to an end. No study has shown it to have long-term benefits, while many have demonstrated its substantial and wide-ranging risks. Today, the primary focus is on ending it. The increasing recognition of children as rights-bearers is leading an ever-growing number of countries to legally prohibit corporal punishment of children. These laws are intended to foster recognition of children’s rights to protection from all violence, reduce approval and use of corporal punishment, and lower the threshold for tolerance of violence against children. Population-level data from Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand indicate that these changes are taking place. Additional research suggests that a combination of prohibition and large-scale public education is the most effective route to ending the corporal punishment of children.

The utilization of new oncology drugs: A global perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6612-6612 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jönsson ◽  
F. Lichtenberg ◽  
J. Lundkvist ◽  
C. Svedman ◽  
N. Wilking
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
The Usa

6612 Background: A number of new innovative cancer drugs have recently been approved or are in the process of being approved. We have analysed the access and uptake of 65 oncology drugs in 25 countries (19 European countries, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA) over a 10 year period based on sales data provided by IMS Health. Methods: We calculated an index of number of patients treated based on sales per inhabitant or per person who died from a specific cancer type. The age composition (vintage) of the drug arsenal used was calculated based on sales for cancer drugs introduced before 1995; between 1995–1999, 2000–2002 and after 2002 respectively. The vintage of the drug arsenal used was also analysed in relation to different economic and health care system characteristics. We performed three types of analysis of the effect of cancer drug vintage on cancer survival and mortality using difference-in-difference research designs. Results: Different patterns of uptake were seen in the countries studied, both with respect to speed of uptake and level of use. Fast uptake of most new drugs was seen in Austria, France, Switzerland, Spain and the USA, and slow uptake as well as low usage was seen in Poland, Hungary, New Zealand, South Africa and the UK. For some of the most recently approved drugs the variation in uptake is especially marked. The vintage of the cancer drug “arsenal” used also differs significantly between countries. Nearly half (44%) of the observed improvement in the two-year cancer survival rate between 1992 and 2000 at 50 USA cancer centres could be attributed to the use of newer cancer drugs. Around one sixth (14% − 19%) of the inter-country differences in 5-year cancer survival rates across 5 major European countries is due to differences in the uptake of newer drugs (post-1985) in each country. Nearly one third (30%) of the decline in cancer mortality rates seen during the period 1995 –2003, could be accounted for by the use of newer drugs. The observed decrease in mortality of 16% would have been only 11% if newer drugs had not been used. Conclusions: Patient access to innovative cancer drugs varies significantly between countries affecting mortality rates, and further research is needed into the determinants and consequences of these variations. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Concentration and13C records of atmospheric methane in New Zealand and Antarctica: Evidence for changes in methane sources

1994 ◽  
Vol 99 (D8) ◽  
pp. 16913 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Lowe ◽  
Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽  
Gordon W. Brailsford ◽  
Keith R. Lassey ◽  
Antony J. Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Methane
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