scholarly journals Significant Seismic Risk Potential from Buried Faults Beneath Almaty City, Kazakhstan, revealed from high‐resolution satellite DEMs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M.J. Amey ◽  
John R. Elliott ◽  
Ekbal Hussain ◽  
Richard Walker ◽  
Marco Pagani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Risk Potential ◽  
Buried Faults

scholarly journals Residential building stock modelling for mainland China targeted for seismic risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3031-3056
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Hing-Ho Tsang ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Residential Building Stock

Abstract. To enhance the estimation accuracy of economic loss and casualty in seismic risk assessment, a high-resolution building exposure model is necessary. Previous studies in developing global and regional building exposure models usually use coarse administrative-level (e.g. country or sub-country level) census data as model inputs, which cannot fully reflect the spatial heterogeneity of buildings in large countries like China. To develop a high-resolution residential building stock model for mainland China, this paper uses finer urbanity-level population and building-related statistics extracted from the records in the tabulation of the 2010 population census of the People's Republic of China (hereafter abbreviated as the “2010 census”). In the 2010 census records, for each province, the building-related statistics are categorized into three urbanity levels (urban, township, and rural). To disaggregate these statistics into high-resolution grid level, we need to determine the urbanity attributes of grids within each province. For this purpose, the geo-coded population density profile (with 1 km × 1 km resolution) developed in the 2015 Global Human Settlement Layer (GSHL) project is selected. Then for each province, the grids are assigned with urban, township, or rural attributes according to the population density in the 2015 GHSL profile. Next, the urbanity-level building-related statistics can be disaggregated into grids, and the 2015 GHSL population in each grid is used as the disaggregation weight. Based on the four structure types (steel and reinforced concrete, mixed, brick and wood, other) and five storey classes (1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥10) of residential buildings classified in the 2010 census records, we reclassify the residential buildings into 17 building subtypes attached with both structure type and storey class and estimate their unit construction prices. Finally, we develop a geo-coded 1 km × 1 km resolution residential building exposure model for 31 provinces of mainland China. In each 1 km × 1 km grid, the floor areas of the 17 residential building subtypes and their replacement values are estimated. The model performance is evaluated to be satisfactory, and its practicability in seismic risk assessment is also confirmed. Limitations of the proposed model and directions for future improvement are discussed. The whole modelling process presented in this paper is fully reproducible, and all the modelled results are publicly accessible.

scholarly journals Oklahoma's Dormant Faults Hide Huge Seismic Risk Potential

Eos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Strelich
Keyword(s):  
Induced Seismicity ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Risk Potential

Researchers look at induced seismicity data in Oklahoma to spot an increase of stress in faults that could cause even more damage than recent quakes.

scholarly journals Residential building stock modeling for mainland China targeted for seismic risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danhua Xin ◽  
James Edward Daniell ◽  
Hing-Ho Tsang ◽  
Friedemann Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Residential Building Stock

Abstract. Previous seismic damage reports have shown that the damage and collapse of buildings is the leading cause of fatality and property loss. To enhance the estimation accuracy of economic loss and fatality in seismic risk assessment, a high-resolution building exposure model is important. Previous studies in developing global and regional building exposure models usually use coarse administrative level (e.g., county, or sub-country level) census data as model inputs, which cannot fully reflect the spatial heterogeneity of buildings in large countries like China. To develop a high-resolution residential building stock model for mainland China, this paper uses finer urbanity level population and building-related statistics extracted from the records in Tabulation of the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter abbreviated as the “2010-census”). In the 2010-census records, for each province, the building-related statistics are categorized into three urbanity levels (urban, township, and rural). Statistics of each urbanity level are from areas with a similar development background but belong to different administrative prefectures and counties. Due to privacy protection-related issues, these urbanity level statistics are not geo-coded. Therefore, before disaggregating these statistics into high-resolution grid level, we need to determine the urbanity attributes of grids within each province. For this purpose, the geo-coded population density profile (with 1 km × 1 km resolution) developed in the 2015 Global Human Settlement Layer (GSHL) project is selected to divide the 31 provinces of mainland China into 1 km × 1 km grids. Then for each province, the grids are assigned with urban/township/rural attributes according to the population density in the 2015 GHSL profile. Next for each urbanity of each province, the urbanity level building-related statistics extracted from the 2010-census records can be disaggregated into the 2015 GHSL geo-coded grids, and the 2015 GHSL population in each grid is used as the disaggregation weight. Based on the four structure types (steel/reinforced-concrete, mixed, brick/wood, other) and five storey classes (1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥ 10) of residential buildings classified in the 2010-census records, we reclassify the residential buildings into 17 building subtypes attached with both structure type and storey class and estimate their unit construction prices. Finally, we develop a geo-coded 1 km × 1 km resolution residential building exposure model for 31 provinces of mainland China. In each 1 km × 1 km grid, the floor areas of the 17 residential building subtypes and their replacement values are estimated. To evaluate the model performance, comparisons with the wealth capital stock values estimated in previous studies at the administrative prefecture-level and with the residential floor area statistics in the 2010-census at the administrative county/prefecture-level are conducted. The practicability of the modeled results in seismic risk assessment is also checked by estimating the seismic loss of residential buildings in Sichuan Province combined with the intensity map of the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake and an empirical loss function developed from historical seismic damage information in China. Our estimated seismic loss range is close to that derived from field investigation reports. Limitations of this paper and future improvement directions are discussed. More importantly, the whole modeling process of this paper is fully reproducible, and all the modeled results are publicly accessible. Given that the building stock in China is changing rapidly, the results can be conveniently updated when new datasets are available.

Observations of the spatial structure of interstellar hydrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Carl Heiles
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Temperature Variations

High-resolution 21-cm line observations in a region aroundlII= 120°,b11= +15°, have revealed four types of structure in the interstellar hydrogen: a smooth background, large sheets of density 2 atoms cm-3, clouds occurring mostly in groups, and ‘Cloudlets’ of a few solar masses and a few parsecs in size; the velocity dispersion in the Cloudlets is only 1 km/sec. Strong temperature variations in the gas are in evidence.

Combining integrated systems-biology approaches with intervention-based experimental design provides a higher-resolution path forward for microbiome research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alfredo Blakeley-Ruiz ◽  
Carlee S. McClintock ◽  
Ralph Lydic ◽  
Helen A. Baghdoyan ◽  
James J. Choo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Constructive Criticism

Abstract The Hooks et al. review of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) literature provides a constructive criticism of the general approaches encompassing MGB research. This commentary extends their review by: (a) highlighting capabilities of advanced systems-biology “-omics” techniques for microbiome research and (b) recommending that combining these high-resolution techniques with intervention-based experimental design may be the path forward for future MGB research.

Very High Resolution Analysis of the Dynamics of a Coronal Plasmoid

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
O. Bouchard ◽  
S. Koutchmy ◽  
L. November ◽  
J.-C. Vial ◽  
J. B. Zirker
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Small Field ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Ccd Observations ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Very High ◽  
Small Field Of View

AbstractWe present the results of the analysis of a movie taken over a small field of view in the intermediate corona at a spatial resolution of 0.5“, a temporal resolution of 1 s and a spectral passband of 7 nm. These CCD observations were made at the prime focus of the 3.6 m aperture CFHT telescope during the 1991 total solar eclipse.

FeXIV Line Emission Polarization of the July 11, 1991 Solar Corona

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 541-547
Author(s):  
J. Sýkora ◽  
J. Rybák ◽  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Emission Line ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
White Light ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Degree Of Polarization ◽  
High Resolution Images

AbstractHigh resolution images, obtained during July 11, 1991 total solar eclipse, allowed us to estimate the degree of solar corona polarization in the light of FeXIV 530.3 nm emission line and in the white light, as well. Very preliminary analysis reveals remarkable differences in the degree of polarization for both sets of data, particularly as for level of polarization and its distribution around the Sun’s limb.

Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Spectroscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
E. Silver ◽  
C. Hailey ◽  
S. Labov ◽  
N. Madden ◽  
D. Landis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
Sapphire Substrates ◽  
Laboratory Plasmas ◽  
Adiabatic Demagnetization ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

The merits of microcalorimetry below 1°K for high resolution spectroscopy has become widely recognized on theoretical grounds. By combining the high efficiency, broadband spectral sensitivity of traditional photoelectric detectors with the high resolution capabilities characteristic of dispersive spectrometers, the microcalorimeter could potentially revolutionize spectroscopic measurements of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. In actuality, however, the performance of prototype instruments has fallen short of theoretical predictions and practical detectors are still unavailable for use as laboratory and space-based instruments. These issues are currently being addressed by the new collaborative initiative between LLNL, LBL, U.C.I., U.C.B., and U.C.D.. Microcalorimeters of various types are being developed and tested at temperatures of 1.4, 0.3, and 0.1°K. These include monolithic devices made from NTD Germanium and composite configurations using sapphire substrates with temperature sensors fabricated from NTD Germanium, evaporative films of Germanium-Gold alloy, or material with superconducting transition edges. A new approache to low noise pulse counting electronics has been developed that allows the ultimate speed of the device to be determined solely by the detector thermal response and geometry. Our laboratory studies of the thermal and resistive properties of these and other candidate materials should enable us to characterize the pulse shape and subsequently predict the ultimate performance. We are building a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for conveniently reaching 0.1°K in the laboratory and for use in future satellite-borne missions. A description of this instrument together with results from our most recent experiments will be presented.

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