scholarly journals Deep‐Ocean Circulation in the Southwest Pacific Ocean Interior: Estimates of the Mean Flow and Variability Using Deep Argo Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Zilberman ◽  
D. H. Roemmich ◽  
J. Gilson
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Joy Drury ◽  
Thomas Westerhold ◽  
David A. Hodell ◽  
Mitchell Lyle ◽  
Cédric M. John ◽  
...  

<p>During the late Miocene, meridional sea surface temperature gradients, deep ocean circulation patterns, and continental configurations evolved to a state similar to modern day. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen (δ<sup>18</sup>O) and carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) isotope stratigraphy remains a fundamental tool for providing accurate chronologies and global correlations, both of which can be used to assess late Miocene climate dynamics. Until recently, late Miocene benthic δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphies remained poorly constrained, due to relatively poor global high-resolution data coverage.</p><p>Here, I present ongoing work that uses high-resolution deep-sea foraminiferal stable isotope records to improve late Miocene (chrono)stratigraphy. Although challenges remain, the coverage of late Miocene benthic δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C stratigraphies has drastically improved in recent years, with high-resolution records now available across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The recovery of these deep-sea records, including the first astronomically tuned, deep-sea integrated magneto-chemostratigraphy, has also helped to improve the late Miocene geological timescale. Finally, I will briefly touch upon how our understanding of late Miocene climate evolution has improved, based on the high-resolution deep-sea archives that are now available.</p>


Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
Kashif Iqbal ◽  
Minghui Zhang ◽  
Shengchun Piao

The multinational Argo program, which was initiated in 1999, has completed its global requirement of 3000 floats deployed by 2007. This program has revolutionized ocean observations with the provision of varying data in the upper half of the ocean. However, various studies have reiterated the requirement for deep ocean coverage, since the ocean below 2000 meters (m) is warming. In this regard, full-depth studies are mandatory in order to estimate the rising sea level due to thermal expansion and analyze critical parameters of deep ocean circulation sub 2000 m; further, data below 2000 m are mandatory for multifarious model simulations. As a landmark initiative, in mid-2015, the “Deep Argo Implementation Workshop” was held in Hobart. An array comprising 1228 floats was suggested by G. C. Johnson, rendering coverage of 5° latitude × 5° longitude × 15-day cycles. This was conclusively agreed to be an affordable solution for varying scientific needs for assessing data in abyssal oceans. Thence, Deep New profilINg float of JApan (NINJA) and Deep Arvor floats were developed by Japan and France, respectively, to cover depths of 0–4000 m. Similarly, Deep Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) and Deep Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) by the United States were designed to cover 0–6000 m. The data offered by this underdeveloped deep pilot array are scarce on both temporal and spatial scales. This particular study offers an ingenious and novel approach to extrapolating conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiles, as well as sound speed profiles (SSPs), in abyssal oceans below 2000 m. The primitive results of this method exhibited certain discrepancies which were subsequently rectified by modifying the aforementioned method both symmetrically and asymmetrically in an innovative way. The final outcomes of this method are almost identical to the in situ values obtained from Deep Argo floats, and in this way, offer a way to compute deep ocean calculations both spatially and temporally since Deep Argo floats are aimed at relatively sparse deployments and require a longer duration to provide data (5° latitude × 5° longitude × 15-day cycles) as compared to Core Argo data (3° latitude × 3° longitude × 10-day cycles). The SSP computations were conducted by employing multiple equations such as Chen and Millero, Del Grosso, and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) algorithms. The study concludes by offering transmission loss rectifications by employing the aforementioned method as a future course of action.


Crustaceana ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Horne

AbstractIt has been suggested that some modern anchialine cave invertebrates originated from deepsea ancestors of considerable antiquity (>100 million years). An alternative view is that such taxa could not have a long bathyal/abyssal history because of extended periods of anoxia in the oceans during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic, and that consequently their ancestors should be sought among shallow-water fauna. In order to assist in the evaluation of these opposing hypotheses, the Phanerozoic record of oxygen-deficient conditions in the water column is reviewed, with special regard for postulated ''anoxic events'' as a causative mechanism for major changes in biodiversity (e.g., mass extinctions). A key issue is the relative importance, through the Phanerozoic, of two types of deep ocean circulation: Halothermal Circulation (HTC), involving the formation of Warm Saline Deep Water (WSDW) in the tropics, promotes anoxia, while Thermohaline Circulation (THC), characterized by Cold Deep Water (CDW) formed at high latitudes, ventilates the deep ocean. Particular attention is paid to the evidence of the mid-Cretaceous Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event. The (apparently) widely accepted view that the deep ocean was mainly anoxic until about 40 million years ago (the time of origin of the modern psychrosphere) is challenged. Evidence from the deep-ocean record of bioturbated sediments suggests that there has been a Cold Deep Water component in ocean circulation for at least the last 90 million years (mid-Cretaceous onwards) and possibly throughout the Phanerozoic. This conclusion has important implications for hypotheses about the antiquity of deep-ocean benthonic invertebrate faunas. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass moderne, anchialine Hohleninvertebraten von Tiefseeformen bedeutenden Alters (>100 Millionen Jahre) abstammen. Eine alternative Ansicht besagt, dass solche Taxa aufgrund ausgedehnter, anoxischer Perioden im Mesozoikum und Kanozoikum keine besonders lange bathyale/abyssale Geschichte haben k onnen. Ihre Vorfahren solten daher bei Flachwasserformen gesucht werden. Um zur Evaluierung dieser gegensatzlichen Hypothesen beizutragen, werden Indizien fur sauerstoffarme Verhaltnisse in der Wassersaule wahrend des Phanerozoikums einer neuen Begutachtung unterzogen, mit bezonderer Berucksichtigung postulierter ''anoxischer Ereignisse'' als kausalem Mechanismus fur grossere Anderungen in der Biodiversitat (z. B. Massen-Aussterben). Ein Schlusselfaktor ist die relative Bedeutung zweier Typen von Tiefsee-Zirkulationen wahrend des Phanerozoikums. Die halothermale Zirkulation (Halothermal Curculation, HTC), die zur Bildung warmen, salinen Tiefenwassers (Warm Saline Deep Water, WSDW) in den Tropen fuhrt, fordert Anoxie, wahrend die thermohaline Zirkulation (Thermohaline Circulation, THC), charakterisiert durch in hohen Breiten gebildetes, kaltes Tiefenwasser (Cold Deep Water, CDW) die Tiefsee ventiliert. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Ereignisse an der Cenoman-Turon-Grenze (Mittlere Kreide) gelegt. Die (offensichtlich) weithin akzeptierte Ansicht, dass die Tiefsee bis vor 40 Millionen Jahren grossteils anoxisch war (der Ursprungszeitpunkt der modernen Psychrosphare), wird in Frage gestellt. Hinweise auf durch Bioturbation gestorte TiefseeSedimente lassen vermuten, dass eine kalte Tiefenwasser-Komponente bei den Meereszirkulationen seit mindestens 90 Millionen Jahren (seit der mittleren Kreide), und moglicherweise wahrend des gesamten Phanerozoikums, existiert hat. Diese Schlussfolgerung hat wichtige Auswirkungen auf Hypothesen uber das Alter der benthischen Tiefsee-Evertebratenfauna.


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