Downward Migration of the Zonal‐Mean Circulation in the Tropical Atmosphere

Kevin DallaSanta; Edwin P. Gerber

doi:10.1029/2020gl088084

Observations on Cardiac Output and ”Pulmonary Blood Volume” in Normal Man by External Recording of the Intracardiac Flow of 131I Labelled Albumin

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1621159 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 1 (04) ◽

pp. 353-379

Author(s):

Jacques Lammerant ◽

Norman Veall ◽

Michel De Visscher

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Published Data ◽

Total Blood Volume ◽

Total Blood ◽

Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽

Intracardiac Flow ◽

Normal Man ◽

Mean Circulation

Summary1. The technique for the measurement of cardiac output by external recording of the intracardiac flow of 131I labelled human serum albumin has been extended to provide a measure of the mean circulation time from right to left heart and hence a new approach to the estimation of the pulmonary blood volume.2. Values for the basal cardiac output in normal subjects and its variations with age are in good agreement with the previously published data of other workers.3. The pulmonary blood volume in normal man in the basal state was found to be 28.2 ± 0.6% of the total blood volume.4. There was no correlation between cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume in a series of normal subjects in the basal state.5. The increase in cardiac output during digestion was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 6.3 ± 1.2% of the total blood volume, that is, about 280 ml.6. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 4.5 ± 1.0% of the total blood volume, that is, about 200 ml.7. The increase in cardiac output attributed to alarm is not associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume, the latter may in fact be increased.8. The total blood volume is advocated as a standard of reference for studies of this type in normal subjects in preference to body weight or surface area.9. The significance of these results and the validity of the method are discussed.

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Spatial Variability of Contaminant Transport in a Fractured Till, Avedøre Denmark

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.1999.0019 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (4-5) ◽

pp. 333-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Larry McKay ◽

Johnny Fredericia ◽

Melissa Lenczewski ◽

Jørn Morthorst ◽

Knud Erik S. Klint

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Contaminant Transport ◽

Tracer Test ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Downward Migration ◽

Rapid Transport ◽

High Degree

A field experiment shows that rapid downward migration of solutes and microorganisms can occur in a fractured till. A solute tracer, chloride, and a bacteriophage tracer, PRD-1, were added to groundwater and allowed to infiltrate downwards over a 4 × 4 m area. Chloride was detected in horizontal filters at 2.0 m depth within 3-40 days of the start of the tracer test, and PRD-1 was detected in the same filters within 0.27 - 27 days. At 2.8 m depth chloride appeared in all the filters, but PRD-1 appeared in only about one-third of the filters. At 4.0 m depth chloride appeared in about one-third of the filters and trace amounts of PRD-1 were detected in only 2 of the 36 filters. Transport rates and peak tracer concentrations decreased with depth, but at each depth there was a high degree of variability. The transport data is generally consistent with expectations based on hydraulic conductivity measurements and on the observed density of fractures and biopores, both of which decrease with depth. Transport of chloride was apparently retarded by diffusion into the fine-grained matrix between fractures, but the rapid transport of PRD-1, with little dispersion, indicates that it was transported mainly through the fractures.

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Response of Freshwater Flux and Sea Surface Salinity to Variability of the Atlantic Warm Pool

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-12-00284.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 1249-1267 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Chunzai Wang ◽

Liping Zhang ◽

Sang-Ki Lee

Keyword(s):

Central America ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Warm Pool ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Sea Surface Salinity ◽

Freshwater Flux ◽

Surface Salinity ◽

Atlantic Warm Pool ◽

Mean Circulation ◽

Circulation Dynamics

Abstract The response of freshwater flux and sea surface salinity (SSS) to the Atlantic warm pool (AWP) variations from seasonal to multidecadal time scales is investigated by using various reanalysis products and observations. All of the datasets show a consistent response for all time scales: A large (small) AWP is associated with a local freshwater gain (loss) to the ocean, less (more) moisture transport across Central America, and a local low (high) SSS. The moisture budget analysis demonstrates that the freshwater change is dominated by the atmospheric mean circulation dynamics, while the effect of thermodynamics is of secondary importance. Further decomposition points out that the contribution of the mean circulation dynamics primarily arises from its divergent part, which mainly reflects the wind divergent change in the low level as a result of SST change. In association with a large (small) AWP, warmer (colder) than normal SST over the tropical North Atlantic can induce anomalous low-level convergence (divergence), which favors anomalous ascent (decent) and thus generates more (less) precipitation. On the other hand, a large (small) AWP weakens (strengthens) the trade wind and its associated westward moisture transport to the eastern North Pacific across Central America, which also favors more (less) moisture residing in the Atlantic and hence more (less) precipitation. The results imply that variability of freshwater flux and ocean salinity in the North Atlantic associated with the AWP may have the potential to affect the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

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