Joint Inversions of Ground Deformation, Extrusion Flux, and Gas Emissions Using Physics‐Based Models for the Mount St. Helens 2004–2008 Eruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying‐Qi Wong ◽  
Paul Segall
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Mount St Helens

Can high rates of passive volcanic gas emissions induce reservoir depressurization at Ambrym volcano (Vanuatu)?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Shreve ◽  
Raphaël Grandin ◽  
Marie Boichu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Magma Ascent ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Volcanic System ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Gas Geochemistry ◽  
The Impact

<p>Satellite-based UV spectrometers can constrain sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes at passively degassing volcanoes over decadal time scales. From 2005 to 2015, more than 15 volcanoes had mean passive SO<sub>2 </sub>fluxes greater than 1 kiloton per day. Although the processes responsible for such high emission rates are not clearly established, this study aims to investigate the impact of strong degassing on the pressurization state of volcanic systems and the resulting ground deformation. One possible result of high degassing rates is the depressurization of the region where the melt releasing gas is stored, which may result in subsidence at the Earth’s surface. Passive degassing may depressurize pathways between deep and shallow magma storage regions, resulting in magma ascent and possibly eruption.</p><p>A lumped-parameter model developed by Girona et al., 2014 couples the mass loss by passive degassing with reservoir depressurization in an open volcanic system. However, this model has yet to be tested using real measurements of gas emissions and ground deformation. In our study, we focus on Ambrym volcano, the past decade’s top passive emitter of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub>, which exhibits intriguing long-term subsidence patterns and no obvious pressurization preceding eruptive periods. We compare subsidence rates measured by InSAR to the system’s average daily SO<sub>2</sub> flux, focusing on a subsidence episode spanning 2015 to 2017 that is not clearly linked to magma removal from the system. Using realistic input parameters for Ambrym’s system constrained by petrology and gas geochemistry, a range of reservoir volumes and conduit radii are explored. Large reservoir volumes (greater than 30 km<sup>3</sup>) and large conduit radii (greater than 300 m) are consistent with depressurization rates obtained from geodetic modelling of InSAR measurements using the Boundary Element method. By comparing these values of reservoir volume and conduit radius with those estimated from geodesy, gas geochemistry, and seismology, we test the applicability and discuss uncertainties of the aforementioned lumped-parameter physical model to interpret the long-term subsidence at Ambrym volcano as a result of sustained passive degassing.</p>

Towards operational use of satellite SO2 measurements in a volcano observatory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Epiard ◽  
Simon Carn
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Gas Monitoring ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Monitoring Techniques ◽  
Volcano Observatory ◽  
Volcano Observatories

<p>Along with monitoring of seismic activity and ground deformation, the measurement of volcanic gas emissions and composition plays a key role in the surveillance of active volcanoes and the mitigation of volcanic hazards. Volcanic gas emissions also potentially impact the environment, human health and climate, providing further motivation for study. Currently, volcano observatories typically employ ground-based or airborne techniques to monitor volcanic gas emissions, mainly sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes and its ratios over other species (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S). However, in recent years there have been significant breakthroughs in satellite observations of passive volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, including high-resolution ultraviolet (UV) measurements from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite, and the development of long-term records of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> degassing from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite. Satellite measurements offer some advantages over traditional gas monitoring techniques, e.g., synoptic coverage of large regions, relative immunity to variations in wind direction, and ability to map the spatial extent and dispersion of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> plumes with applications for health hazard mitigation. Although these satellite datasets are potentially valuable for active volcano monitoring and as a supplement to other gas monitoring techniques, significant barriers remain to their use at many volcano observatories, particularly in low-income countries. Notably, the increasing volume of satellite datasets (NASA’s database is bigger than 3 petabytes) and the demands of data processing represent challenges to their operational use at observatories with limited internet connectivity or computational capacity. Here, we present an ongoing effort to develop open-source Python software to access and process SO<sub>2</sub> data directly through NASA’s Earthdata portal Application Processing Interface (API), in order to streamline the satellite SO<sub>2</sub> data processing workflow for a volcano observatory. By allowing server-side satellite data subsetting around the volcano of interest, this API greatly reduces the processing burden and only requires an internet connection to the NASA server hosting the required datasets (including S5P/TROPOMI, Aura/OMI and many others). We present some examples of software output and potential applications. Our current goal is to deploy and test the software for operational use in a volcano observatory.  </p>

Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington

2008 ◽  
pp. 281-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dzurisin ◽  
Michael Lisowski ◽  
Michael P. Poland ◽  
David R. Sherrod ◽  
Richard G. LaHusen
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Deformation Measurements ◽  
Mount St Helens

The mechanics of ground deformation precursory to dome-building extrusions at Mount St. Helens 1981-1982

1988 ◽  
Vol 93 (B5) ◽  
pp. 4351-4366 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Chadwick ◽  
Ralph J. Archuleta ◽  
Donald A. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Mount St Helens

Gas Emissions and the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens Through 1982

Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 221 (4618) ◽  
pp. 1383-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. CASADEVALL ◽  
W. ROSE ◽  
T. GERLACH ◽  
L. P. GREENLAND ◽  
J. EWERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Mount St Helens

GPS ground deformation patterns at Mount St. Helens (Washington, USA) from 2004 to 2010

Terra Nova ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimmo Palano ◽  
Elisa Guarrera ◽  
Mario Mattia
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Mount St Helens
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