Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea ( http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts. References: (1) J. M. Davidson et al. Phytopathology 95:587, 2005. (2) S. Denman et al. Plant Pathol. 54:512, 2005. (3) E. M. Hansen et al. Plant Dis. 89:63, 2005.
The Magnitude of Regional‐Scale Tree Mortality Caused by the Invasive Pathogen
Phytophthora ramorum