Influences of Atmospheric Pollution on the Contributions of Major Oxidation Pathways to PM
            2.5
            Nitrate Formation in Beijing

Yan‐Li Wang; Wei Song; Wen Yang; Xin‐Chao Sun; Yin‐Dong Tong; Xue‐Mei Wang; Cong‐Qiang Liu; Zhi‐Peng Bai; Xue‐Yan Liu

doi:10.1029/2019jd030284

Influences of Atmospheric Pollution on the Contributions of Major Oxidation Pathways to PM 2.5 Nitrate Formation in Beijing

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/2019jd030284 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 (7) ◽

pp. 4174-4185 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Yan‐Li Wang ◽

Wei Song ◽

Wen Yang ◽

Xin‐Chao Sun ◽

Yin‐Dong Tong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Pm 2.5 ◽

Major Oxidation

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Atmospheric Pollution

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry ◽

10.1021/ie50501a600 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 43 (9) ◽

pp. 119-120

Author(s):

Louis McCabe

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pollution

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Atmospheric Pollution 1982, Organised by the Institut National de Recherche Chimique Appliquee, Vert-le-Petit, France, in association with the Commission on Atmospheric Environment of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Gesellschaft fur Aerosolforschung (GAeF) and the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG), Proceedings of the 15th International Colloquium, UNESCO Building

10.1016/s0166-1116(08)x7031-1 ◽

1982 ◽

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

World Health ◽

International Union ◽

Applied Chemistry ◽

International Colloquium ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

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Investigation into Cigarette Smoking and Atmospheric Pollution in the Aetiology of Lung Cancer

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636169 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 2 (01) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Doll

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Retrospective Studies ◽

Common Factor ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Smoking Habits ◽

Careful Examination ◽

Ancillary Data

The evidence that cigarette smoking and atmospheric pcllution are causes of lung cancer is largely statistical. The first evidence was indirect; that is, i1. was noticed that in many countries the incidence of lung cancer had increased and that the increase could be correlated with changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking and of certain types of atmospheric pollution.Since then much direct evidence has been obtained. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated retrospectively by comparing the smoking habits of patients with and without lung cancer and prospectively by observing the mortality from lung cancer in groups of persons of known smoking habits. Conclusions can be drawn from these studies only after careful examination of the results. In particular it is important in retrospective studies to test a) the reproducibility of the data, b) the representativeness of the data, and c) the comparability of the special series and their controls. The resul1.s of retrospective studies are all similar and all show a close relationship between cigarette smoking and the disease.The results have been confirmed by pro~pective studies which are lesF. open to bias. The results can be explained if cigarette smoking causes lung cancer or if both are related to some third common factor. Ancillary data (pathological changes in the bronchial mucosa, animal experiments, etc.) support the causal hypothesis.The evidence relating to atmospheric pollution is less definite and it is difficult to get direct evidence of a relationship in the individual. It is clear that pollution has little effect in the absence of smoking, but the mortality associated with a given amount of smoking is generally greater in large towns than in the countryside and among men who have emigrated from Britain than among men who have lived all their lives in less polluted countries.

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