scholarly journals European Contact with the Americas May Have Triggered Global Cooling

Eos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Morton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Agricultural Communities ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Global Cooling

The loss of precontact agricultural communities to genocide and disease may have led to massive reforestation, a dip in carbon dioxide, and one of the coldest snaps of the Little Ice Age.

God’s Anger and the Demons Within

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-85
Author(s):  
Philip Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Change ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Period

The first major period of climate shock to be studied was the early fourteenth century, especially the years between 1310 and 1325. This involved a broad and lasting era of climatic change, a time of global cooling that marked the onset of the so-called Little Ice Age. Societies around the world suffered times of shocking paranoia and conspiracy-mongering. They responded with persecutions of minorities and dissidents, leading to purges and expulsions on an appalling scale. Whole populations suffered bitter times of exile and diaspora, and those changes did much to create our familiar maps of the great faiths and their geographical concentrations. In Europe, modern ideas of witchcraft were born.

Environment, Demographics, and Economy in Qing China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
New World ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Process Networks ◽  
Material Development ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
System P ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Environmental Relations

The Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), China’s last, ruled an ethnic diversity of peoples throughout both Inner Asia and China proper. In the process, networks of environmental relationships were formed across Mongolian steppes, Tibetan and Southeast Asian highlands, Manchurian forests, and alluvial plains in the empire’s core, China proper. The dynasty’s main environmental efforts were devoted to the lowland agrarian concentration of water and grain. Yet the empire’s sheer extent also required management of agro-pastoral, pastoral, foraging, and swiddening relations—pursued under conditions of global cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, known as the Little Ice Age. Mineral inputs from foreign and domestic sources, as well as New World crops, were critical not only for the dynasty’s material development, but also entailed debilitating costs—most particularly deforestation and soil erosion. As it adapted to dynamic demographic and ecological conditions, the dynasty developed many structures for the maintenance and resiliency of its environmental relations, which included existential interactions with select animals and plants, to produce the world’s largest population of its time. The Qing achievement can be evaluated differently according to timescales and wide-ranging criteria that transcend crude Malthusian parameters. However, its political and demographic accomplishments must be qualified from an environmental perspective in light of the mid-19th-century breakdown of many of its environmental networks that directly contributed to its demise and that of the 2,000-year-old imperial system.

1652

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
State Building ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Political ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Political Upheaval ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sides

This book offers a re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde—the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652—in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651 cardinal Mazarin defied the order for his perpetual banishment, and re-entered France at the head of an army. The political and military crisis that followed convulsed the nation, and revived the ebbing fortunes of a revolt led by the cousin of the young Louis XIV, the prince de Condé. The book follows in detail the unfolding political and military events of this year, showing how military success and failure swung between the two sides through the campaign, driving both cardinal and prince into a progressive intensification of the conflict, while simultaneously fuelling a quest for compromise and settlement which nonetheless eluded all the negotiators’ efforts. The consequences were devastating for France, as civil war smashed into a fragile ecosystem that was already reeling under the impact of the global cooling of the ‘Little Ice Age’. 1652 raises questions about established interpretations of French state-building, the rule of cardinal Mazarin and his predecessor, Richelieu, and their contribution to creating the ‘absolutism’ of Louis XIV.

scholarly journals Antarctic Winds: Pacemaker of Global Warming, Global Cooling, and the Collapse of Civilizations

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
W. Davis ◽  
W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Wind Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Wind Cycle ◽  
The Antarctic

We report a natural wind cycle, the Antarctic Centennial Wind Oscillation (ACWO), whose properties explain milestones of climate and human civilization, including contemporary global warming. We explored the wind/temperature relationship in Antarctica over the past 226 millennia using dust flux in ice cores from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C (EDC) drill site as a wind proxy and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in ice cores from EDC and ten additional Antarctic drill sites as temperature proxies. The ACWO wind cycle is coupled 1:1 with the temperature cycle of the Antarctic Centennial Oscillation (ACO), the paleoclimate precursor of the contemporary Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), at all eleven drill sites over all time periods evaluated. Such tight coupling suggests that ACWO wind cycles force ACO/AAO temperature cycles. The ACWO is modulated in phase with the millennial-scale Antarctic Isotope Maximum (AIM) temperature cycle. Each AIM cycle encompasses several ACWOs that increase in frequency and amplitude to a Wind Terminus, the last and largest ACWO of every AIM cycle. This historic wind pattern, and the heat and gas exchange it forces with the Southern Ocean (SO), explains climate milestones including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. Contemporary global warming is explained by venting of heat and carbon dioxide from the SO forced by the maximal winds of the current positive phase of the ACO/AAO cycle. The largest 20 human civilizations of the past four millennia collapsed during or near the Little Ice Age or its earlier recurrent homologs. The Eddy Cycle of sunspot activity oscillates in phase with the AIM temperature cycle and therefore may force the internal climate cycles documented here. Climate forecasts based on the historic ACWO wind pattern project imminent global cooling and in ~4 centuries a recurrent homolog of the Little Ice Age. Our study provides a theoretically-unified explanation of contemporary global warming and other climate milestones based on natural climate cycles driven by the Sun, confirms a dominant role for climate in shaping human history, invites reconsideration of climate policy, and offers a method to project future climate.

scholarly journals Drought, freshwater availability and cultural resilience on Easter Island (SE Pacific) during the Little Ice Age

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 774-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Cultural Resilience ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Critical Resource

After decades of human-deterministic explanations for the collapse of the ancient Rapanui culture that inhabited Easter Island (Rapa Nui) before European contact (1722 CE), paleoecological studies developed over the last decade have provided sound evidence of climate changes and their potential socioecological impacts. Especially significant is the occurrence of a century-scale drought (1570–1720 CE) during the Little Ice Age (LIA). Freshwater is a critical resource on Easter Island that heavily depends on rain, which maintains the only three permanent surficial freshwater sources on the island: two lakes (Rano Kao and Rano Raraku) and a marsh (Rano Aroi). Under these conditions, the LIA drought could have significantly affected human life; however, the Rapanui society remained healthy, showing remarkable resilience. There are two main hypotheses on how the ancient Rapanui could have obtained freshwater to guarantee their continuity. One of these hypotheses proposes that Lake Kao was a permanent source of freshwater, even during the LIA drought, which led to some intraisland cultural and population reorganizations. The coastal groundwater hypothesis dismisses the use of lakes and other surficial freshwater sources to maintain the water-stressed Rapanui population and contends that the only routine freshwater sources during the LIA drought were the abundant and widespread coastal seeps fed by fresh/brackish groundwater. The pros and cons of these two hypotheses are discussed on the basis of the available archeological and paleoecological evidence, and it is concluded that given the present state of knowledge, neither can be rejected. Therefore, these two proposals could be complementary rather than mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Drought, freshwater availability and cultural resilience on Easter Island (SE Pacific) during the Little Ice Age

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valenti Rull
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Cultural Resilience ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Critical Resource

After decades of human-deterministic explanations for the collapse of the ancient Rapanui culture that inhabited Easter Island (Rapa Nui) before European contact (1722 CE), paleoecological studies developed over the last decade have provided sound evidence of climate changes and their potential socioecological impacts. Especially significant is the occurrence of a century-scale (1570-1720 CE) drought occurred during the Little Ice Age. Freshwater is a critical resource on Easter Island that heavily depends on rain, which maintains the only three permanent surficial freshwater sources on the island: two lakes (Rano Kao and Rano Raraku) and a marsh (Rano Aroi). Under these conditions, the LIA drought could have significantly affected human life; however, the Rapanui society remained healthy, showing remarkable resilience. There are two main hypotheses on how the ancient Rapanui could have obtained freshwater to guarantee its continuity. The intra-island migration hypothesis proposes that Rano Raraku, the cultural center of this culture, dried out and the Rapanui were forced to migrate to Rano Kao, which was likely the only surficial freshwater source during the LIA drought. This shift was accompanied by a profound cultural reorganization. The coastal groundwater hypothesis dismisses the use of lakes and other surficial freshwater sources to maintain the water-stressed Rapanui population and contends that the only routine freshwater sources during the LIA drought were the abundant and widespread coastal seeps fed by fresh/brackish groundwater. The pros and cons of these two hypotheses are discussed on the basis of the available archeological and paleoecological evidence, and it is concluded that in the present state of knowledge, neither can be rejected. Therefore, these two proposals could be complementary, rather than mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Drought, freshwater availability and cultural resilience on Easter Island (SE Pacific) during the Little Ice Age

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valenti Rull
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Cultural Resilience ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Critical Resource

After decades of human-deterministic explanations for the collapse of the ancient Rapanui culture that inhabited Easter Island (Rapa Nui) before European contact (1722 CE), paleoecological studies developed over the last decade have provided sound evidence of climate changes and their potential socioecological impacts. Especially significant is the occurrence of a century-scale (1570-1720 CE) drought occurred during the Little Ice Age. Freshwater is a critical resource on Easter Island that heavily depends on rain, which maintains the only three permanent surficial freshwater sources on the island: two lakes (Rano Kao and Rano Raraku) and a marsh (Rano Aroi). Under these conditions, the LIA drought could have significantly affected human life; however, the Rapanui society remained healthy, showing remarkable resilience. There are two main hypotheses on how the ancient Rapanui could have obtained freshwater to guarantee its continuity. The intra-island migration hypothesis proposes that Rano Raraku, the cultural center of this culture, dried out and the Rapanui were forced to migrate to Rano Kao, which was likely the only surficial freshwater source during the LIA drought. This shift was accompanied by a profound cultural reorganization. The coastal groundwater hypothesis dismisses the use of lakes and other surficial freshwater sources to maintain the water-stressed Rapanui population and contends that the only routine freshwater sources during the LIA drought were the abundant and widespread coastal seeps fed by fresh/brackish groundwater. The pros and cons of these two hypotheses are discussed on the basis of the available archeological and paleoecological evidence, and it is concluded that in the present state of knowledge, neither can be rejected. Therefore, these two proposals could be complementary, rather than mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Drought, freshwater availability and cultural resilience on Easter Island (SE Pacific) during the Little Ice Age

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valenti Rull
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Cultural Resilience ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Critical Resource

After decades of human-deterministic explanations for the collapse of the ancient Rapanui civilization that inhabited Easter Island (Rapa Nui) before European contact (1722 CE), paleoecological studies developed during the last decade have provided sound evidence for climate changes and their potential socio-ecological impact. Especially significant is the occurrence of a century-scale (1570-1720 CE) drought occurred during the Little Ice Age. Freshwater is a critical resource at Easter Island that heavily depends on rain, which maintains the three only permanent surficial freshwater sources of the island: two lakes (Kao and Raraku) and a marsh (Aroi). In these conditions, the LIA drought could have significantly affected human life; however, the Rapanui civilization remained healthy showing a remarkable resilience. There are two main hypotheses on how the ancient Rapanui civilization could have obtained freshwater to guarantee its continuity. The intra-island migration hypothesis proposes that Lake Raraku, the cultural center of this civilization, dried out and the Rapanui were forced to migrate to Lake Kao, which was likely the only surficial freshwater source during the LIA drought. This shift was accompanied a profound cultural reorganization. The coastal groundwater hypothesis dismisses the use of lakes and other surficial freshwater sources to maintain the water-stressed Rapanui population and contends that the only routine freshwater sources during the LIA drought were the abundant and widespread coastal seeps fed by fresh/brackish groundwater. The pros and cons of these two hypotheses are discussed on the basis of the available archaeological and paleoecological evidence and it is concluded that, in the present state of knowledge, none of them can be rejected. Therefore, these two proposals could be complementary, rather than excluding.

scholarly journals Decreasing Victims of Global Cooling: Preservation of Foods in Antarctic, Development of Convenient Safe Packages, and Plant Factory with New Energy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Solar Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Plant Factory ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Field Galaxy

Grand Solar Minimum of decreasing sun spot is underway. It means decreased solar activity and decreased solar magnetic field. Galaxy cosmic rays entering into the air of earth will increase. They increase clouds and rain and Little Ice Age will be created. Agricultural products decrease much. any Plant Factories should be constructed to reduce victims. For that purpose new energy developement seems to be necessary.

Greenhouses, hot water bottles, cycles and the future of New Zealand climate

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
W.P. De Lange
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Almost All

The Greenhouse Effect acts to slow the escape of infrared radiation to space, and hence warms the atmosphere. The oceans derive almost all of their thermal energy from the sun, and none from infrared radiation in the atmosphere. The thermal energy stored by the oceans is transported globally and released after a range of different time periods. The release of thermal energy from the oceans modifies the behaviour of atmospheric circulation, and hence varies climate. Based on ocean behaviour, New Zealand can expect weather patterns similar to those from 1890-1922 and another Little Ice Age may develop this century.

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