Water-rock interactions in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are a critical part of Earth system evolution. Extensive insights have been developed from vent fluid chemistry and laboratory experiments, but these leave unanswered many questions about the temporal evolution and spatial structure of the hydrothermal systems that can only be addressed with reactive transport simulations. Other issues are the effects of changing spreading rates and seawater chemistry through Earth history. We are addressing this problem using the Toughreact code, starting with 2D static (no seafloor spreading) simulations of the near-axis region where most of the interaction occurs. The simulations use a dual-permeability grid to represent fractured rocks, and also have a formulation for Sr isotope exchange. Vent fluid Ca, Mg, SO4, and Na concentrations and Sr isotopes can be used as a guide to fluid chemical evolution. Initial simulations reproduce modern vent fluid chemistry even with maximum temperature only at 380°C, and suggest that fluids need not be in equilibrium with the rocks at any point in the system. Model fluids continue to evolve chemically even in the upflow zone prior to venting. The effects of different seawater chemical composition, as proposed for the Cretaceous, for example, can be captured with charge-balance models.
Controls on Mid-ocean Ridge Normal Fault Seismicity Across Spreading Rates From Rate-and-State Friction Models