Controls on mass balance sensitivity of maritime glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: The role of debris cover

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (F1) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Anderson ◽  
Andrew Mackintosh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Debris Cover

The Influence of Weather Systems in Controlling Mass Balance in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (8) ◽  
pp. 4514-4529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J. Cullen ◽  
Peter B. Gibson ◽  
Thomas Mölg ◽  
Jonathan P. Conway ◽  
Pascal Sirguey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Southern Alps

scholarly journals Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, Part A:in situ mass balance measurements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif S. Anderson ◽  
Robert S. Anderson ◽  
Pascal Buri ◽  
William H. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Ice Dynamics ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Debris Cover ◽  
The Alps

Abstract. The mass balance of many Alaskan glaciers is perturbed by debris cover. Yet the effect of debris on glacier response to climate change in Alaska has largely been overlooked. In three companion papers we assess the role of debris, ice dynamics, and surface processes in thinning Kennicott Glacier. In Part A, we report in situ measurements from the glacier surface. In Part B, we develop a method to delineate ice cliffs using high-resolution imagery and produce distributed mass balance estimates. In Part C we explore feedbacks that contribute to glacier thinning. Here in Part A, we describe data collected in the summer of 2011. We measured debris thickness (109 locations), sub-debris melt (74), and ice cliff backwasting (60) data from the debris-covered tongue. We also measured air-temperature (3 locations) and internal-debris temperature (10). The mean debris thermal conductivity was 1.06 W (m C)−1, increasing non-linearly with debris thickness. Mean debris thicknesses increase toward the terminus and margin where surface velocities are low. Despite the relatively high air temperatures above thick debris, the melt-insulating effect of debris dominates. Sub-debris melt rates ranged from 6.5 cm d−1 where debris is thin to 1.25 cm d−1 where debris is thick near the terminus. Ice cliff backwasting rates varied from 3 to 14 cm d−1 with a mean of 7.1 cm d−1 and tended to increase as elevation declined and debris thickness increased. Ice cliff backwasting rates are similar to those measured on debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia and the Alps.

scholarly journals Variability in glacier albedo and links to annual mass balance for the gardens of Eden and Allah, Southern Alps, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 3425-3448
Author(s):  
Angus J. Dowson ◽  
Pascal Sirguey ◽  
Nicolas J. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Climate Signal ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
High Consistency

Abstract. The gardens of Eden and Allah (GoEA) are two of New Zealand's largest ice fields. However, their remote location and protected conservation status have limited access and complicated monitoring and research efforts. To improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in mass balance of these unique ice fields, observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors are used to monitor annual minimum glacier-wide albedo (α¯yrmin) over the period 2000–2018. The α¯yrmin for 12 individual glaciers ranges between 0.42 and 0.70 and can occur as early as mid-January and as late as the end of April. The evolution of the timing of α¯yrmin indicates a shift to later in the summer over the 19-year period on 10 of the 12 glaciers. However, there is only a weak relationship between the delay in timing and the magnitude of α¯yrmin, which implies that albedo is not necessarily lower if it is delayed. The largest negative departures in α¯yrmin (lower-than-average albedo) are consistent with high snowline altitudes (SLAs) relative to the long-term average as determined from the End of Summer Snowline (EOSS) survey, which has been the benchmark for monitoring glaciers in the Southern Alps for over 40 years. While the record of α¯yrmin for Vertebrae Col 25, an index glacier of the EOSS survey and one of the GoEA glaciers, explains less than half of the variability observed in the corresponding EOSS SLA (R2=0.43, p=0.003), the relationship is stronger when compared to other GoEA glaciers. Angel Glacier has the strongest relationship with EOSS observations at Vertebrae Col 25, accounting for 69 % of its variance (p<0.001). A key advantage in using the α¯yrmin approach is that it enables variability in the response of individual glaciers to be explored, revealing that topographic setting plays a key role in addition to the regional climate signal. The observed variability in individual glacier response at the scale of the GoEA contrasts with the high consistency of responses found by the EOSS record across the Southern Alps and challenges the suggestion that New Zealand glaciers behave as a unified climatic unit. MODIS imagery acquired from the Terra and Aqua platforms also provides insights about the spatial and temporal variability in clouds. The frequency of clouds in pixels west of the Main Divide is as high as 90 % during summer months and reaches a minimum of 35 % in some locations in winter. These complex cloud interactions deserve further attention as they are likely a contributing factor in controlling the spatial and temporal variability in glacier response observed in the GoEA.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the mass balance of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, using MODIS-derived glacier-wide albedo

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2465-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Sirguey ◽  
Holly Still ◽  
Nicolas J. Cullen ◽  
Marie Dumont ◽  
Yves Arnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Annual Balance

Abstract. In New Zealand, direct measurements of mass balance are sparse due to the inaccessibility of glaciers in the Southern Alps and the logistical difficulties associated with maintaining a mass balance record. In order to explore the benefit of remotely sensed imaging to monitor mass balance in the Southern Alps, this research assesses the relationship between measurements of glacier surface albedo derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and mass balance observations using the glaciological method on Brewster Glacier over the 2005–2013 period. We confirm that minimum glacier-wide albedo is a reliable predictor for annual mass balance in this maritime environment (R2 = 0.93). Furthermore, we show that regular monitoring of glacier-wide albedo enables a new metric of winter accumulation to be derived, namely the cumulative winter albedo, which is found to correlate strongly with winter mass balance (R2 = 0.88), thus enabling the reconstruction of separate winter and summer mass balance records. This allows the mass balance record for Brewster Glacier to be extended back to the start of MODIS observations in 2000 and to confirm that the annual balance of Brewster Glacier is largely controlled by summer balance (R2  =  92 %). An application of the extended record is proposed whereby the relationship between mass balance and the photographic record of the end-of-summer snowline altitude is assessed. This allowed the annual balance record of Brewster Glacier to be reconstructed over the period 1977–2013, thus providing the longest record of mass balance for a glacier in New Zealand. Over the 37-year period, our results show that Brewster Glacier gained a significant mass of up to 14.5 ± 2.7 m w.e. by 2007. This gain was offset by a marked shift toward negative balances after 2008, yielding a loss of 5.1 ± 1.2 m w.e., or 35 % of the gain accumulated over the previous 30 years. The good correspondence between mass balance of Brewster Glacier and the phase of the Pacific (Inter-)Decadal Oscillation (PDO/IPO), associated with the fast terminus retreat observed between 1978 and 1998, strongly suggests that the observed mass gain of Brewster Glacier since 1977 is only offsetting a longer sequence of dominantly negative balances.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the mass balance of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, using MODIS-derived glacier-wide albedo

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Sirguey ◽  
Holly Still ◽  
Nicolas J. Cullen ◽  
Marie Dumont ◽  
Yves Arnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Annual Balance

Abstract. In New Zealand, direct measurements of mass balance are sparse due to the inaccessibility of glaciers in the Southern Alps and the logistical difficulties associated with maintaining a mass balance record. In order to explore the benefit of remotely sensed imaging to monitor mass balance in the Southern Alps, this research assesses the relationship between measurements of glacier surface albedo derived from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and mass balance observations using the glaciological method on Brewster Glacier over the 2005–2013 period. We confirm that minimum glacier-wide albedo is a reliable predictor for annual mass balance in this maritime environment (R2 = 0.93). Furthermore, we show that regular monitoring of glacier-wide albedo enables a new metric of winter accumulation to be derived, namely the cumulative winter albedo, that is found to correlate strongly with winter mass balance (R2 = 0.88), thus enabling the reconstruction of separate winter and summer mass balance records. This allows the mass balance record for Brewster Glacier to be extended back to the start of MODIS observations in 2000 and to confirm that the annual balance of Brewster Glacier is largely controlled by summer balance (R2 = 92 %). An application of the extended record is proposed whereby the relationship between mass balance and the photographic record of the end-of-summer snowline altitude is assessed. This allowed the annual balance record of Brewster Glacier to be reconstructed over the period 1977–2013, thus providing the longest record of mass balance for a glacier in New Zealand. Over the 37-year period, our results show that Brewster Glacier gained significant mass of up to 14.5 ± 2.7 m w.e. by 2007. This gain was offset by a marked shift toward negative balances after 2008, yielding a loss of 5.1 ± 1.2 m w.e., or 35 % of the gain accumulated over the previous 30 years. The good correspondence between mass balance of Brewster Glacier and the phase of the Pacific (Inter-)Decadal Oscillation (PDO/IPO) associated with the fast terminus retreat observed between 1978 and 1998 strongly suggests that observed mass gain of Brewster Glacier since 1977 is only offsetting a longer sequence of dominantly negative balances.

The Role of Atmospheric Rivers for Extreme Ablation and Snowfall Events in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 2761-2771 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Little ◽  
D. G. Kingston ◽  
N. J. Cullen ◽  
P. B. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers
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