scholarly journals Global consumptive water use for crop production: The importance of green water and virtual water

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junguo Liu ◽  
Alexander J. B. Zehnder ◽  
Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water

scholarly journals A Global and Spatially Explicit Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production and Consumptive Water Use

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e57750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junguo Liu ◽  
Christian Folberth ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Johan Röckström ◽  
Karim Abbaspour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water

scholarly journals Consumptive water use associated with food waste: case study of fresh mango in Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5085-5114 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Ridoutt ◽  
P. Juliano ◽  
P. Sanguansri ◽  
J. Sellahewa
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Freshwater Resource ◽  
Consumptive Water

Abstract. In many parts of the world, freshwater is already a scarce and overexploited natural resource, raising concerns about global food security and damage to freshwater ecosystems. This situation is expected to intensify with the FAO estimating that world food production must double by 2050. Food chains must therefore become much more efficient in terms of consumptive water use. For the small and geographically well-defined Australian mango industry, having an average annual production of 44 692 t of marketable fresh fruit, the average virtual water content (sum of green, blue and gray water) at orchard gate was 2298 l kg−1. However, due to wastage in the distribution and consumption stages of the product life cycle, the average virtual water content of one kg of Australian-grown fresh mango consumed by an Australian household was 5218 l. This latter figure compares to an Australian-equivalent water footprint of 217 l kg−1, which is the volume of direct water use by an Australian household having an equivalent potential to contribute to water scarcity. Nationally, distribution and consumption waste in the food chain of Australian-grown fresh mango to Australian households represented an annual waste of 26.7 Gl of green water and 16.6 Gl of blue water. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce food chain waste will likely have as great or even greater impact on freshwater resource availability as other water use efficiency measures in agriculture and food production.

Decadal gross level assessment of green and blue consumptive water use over Indian agro-ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (17) ◽  
pp. 6628-6669
Author(s):  
Indrani Choudhury ◽  
B.K. Bhattacharya ◽  
R. Eswar ◽  
M. Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water

CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE OF RAINFED MAIZE IN NIGERIA

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.O. Ojo ◽  
M. Ijioma ◽  
A.O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water

scholarly journals Determination of virtual water content of rice and spatial characteristics analysis in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2103-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Zhang ◽  
X. A. Yin ◽  
Y. Zhi ◽  
Z. F. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Water Values

Abstract. China is a water-stressed country, and agriculture consumes the bulk of its water resources. Assessing the virtual water content (VWC) of crops is one important way to develop efficient water management measures to alleviate water resource conflicts among different sectors. In this research, the VWC of rice, a major crop in China, is taken as the research object. China covers a vast land area, and the VWC of rice varies widely between different regions. The VWC of rice in China is assessed and the spatial characteristics are also analysed. The total VWC is the total volume of freshwater both consumed and affected by pollution during the crop production process, including both direct and indirect water use. Prior calculation frameworks of the VWC of crops did not contain all of the virtual water content of crops. In addition to the calculation of green, blue and grey water – the direct water in VWC – the indirect water use of rice was also calculated, using an input–output model. The percentages of direct green, blue, grey and indirect water in the total VWC of rice in China were found to be 43.8, 28.2, 27.6, and 0.4%. The total VWC of rice generally showed a roughly three-tiered distribution, and decreased from southeast to northwest. The higher values of direct green water usage were mainly concentrated in Southeast and Southwest China, while the values were relatively low in Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. The higher direct blue water values were mainly concentrated in the eastern and southern coastal regions and Northwest China, and low values were mainly concentrated in Southwest China. Grey water values were relatively high in Shanxi and Guangxi provinces and low in Northeast and Northwest China. The regions with high values for indirect water were randomly distributed but the regions with low values were mainly concentrated in Northwest and Southwest China. For the regions with relatively high total VWC the high values of blue water made the largest contribution, although for the country as a whole the direct green water is the most important contributor.

scholarly journals Water saving through international trade of agricultural products

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Chapagain ◽  
A. Y. Hoekstra ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Global Water ◽  
National Water

Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produced domestically is 1605 Gm3/yr. These products are however being produced with only 1253 Gm3/yr in the exporting countries, saving global water resources by 352 Gm3/yr. This saving is 28 per cent of the international virtual water flows related to the trade of agricultural products and 6 per cent of the global water use in agriculture. National policy makers are however not interested in global water savings but in the status of national water resources. Egypt imports wheat and in doing so saves 3.6 Gm3/yr of its national water resources. Water use for producing export commodities can be beneficial, as for instance in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Brazil, where the use of green water resources (mainly through rain-fed agriculture) for the production of stimulant crops for export has a positive economic impact on the national economy. However, export of 28 Gm3/yr of national water from Thailand related to rice export is at the cost of additional pressure on its blue water resources. Importing a product which has a relatively high ratio of green to blue virtual water content saves global blue water resources that generally have a higher opportunity cost than green water.

scholarly journals Opportunities for saving and reallocating agricultural water to alleviate water scarcity

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Richter ◽  
James D. Brown ◽  
Rachel DiBenedetto ◽  
Adrianna Gorsky ◽  
Emily Keenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Consumptive Water

As water scarcity worsens globally, there is growing interest in finding ways to reduce water consumption, and for reallocating water savings to other uses including environmental restoration. Because irrigated agriculture is responsible for more than 90% of all consumptive water use in water-scarce regions, much attention is being focused on opportunities to save water on irrigated farms. At the same time, many recent journal articles have expressed concern that claims of water-saving potential in irrigation systems lack technical credibility, or are at least exaggerated, due to failures to properly account for key elements of water budgets such as return flows. Critics have also asserted that opportunities for reallocating irrigation savings to other uses are limited because any freed-up water is taken up by other farmers. A comprehensive literature and internet survey was undertaken to identify well-documented studies of water-saving strategies in irrigated agriculture, as well as a review of case studies in which water savings have been successfully transferred to other uses. Our findings suggest that there is in fact considerable potential to reduce consumptive water use in irrigation systems when proper consideration is given to water budget accounting, and those savings can be beneficially reallocated to other purposes.

Effect of some selected soil properties, moisture content, yield and consumptive water use on two Cassava (TMS 0581 and TME 419) varieties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Akinbile ◽  
Remigius C. Eze ◽  
Habeeb Yusuf ◽  
Babatunde S. Ewulo ◽  
Adeniyi Olayanju
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Cassava Plant ◽  
Consumptive Water

The increasing demand of Cassava for our dietary needs and shortage experienced going by the burgeoning global population is a cause for concern that require urgent attention. The study therefore considered the effect of some selected soil properties, nutrients, moisture content, yield and consumptive water use (CWU) on two selected Cassava varieties TMS 0581 and TME 419 respectively. The design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of four treatments and three replicates. Treatment A had fertigation, B used poultry manure, C employed NPK, 15-15-15 while D with no treatment was used as control. Soil properties such as Bulk Density (BD), Particle Density (PD), soil classification and nutrients such as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Organic Matter (OM), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and others were determined using standard procedures. Penman-Monteith (PM) model was used in estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETr) while its product with crop coefficient (Kc) produced crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Moisture content was measured at depths 10, 20 and 30 cm respectively while water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water applied and tuber yield were also determined. The findings of this study showed that all the soil properties were within permissible levels to encourage optimum agronomic development of Cassava plant and the class was entirely a loamy soil which permits well-developed roottuber configuration. Tuber yields varied from 21.96 Kg to 25.13 Kg for TMS 0581 variety while TME 419 had 17.04 Kg to 31.63 Kg in all the treatments. Deficiencies were observed in some of the nutrients which were replenished with the introduction of the fertilizers among the plots. Moisture content at 30 cm depth is suggestive of adequate water availability sufficient enough to encourage proper tuber development for optimum yield while fertigation technique was adjudged the best as it improved Cassava Tuberization and WUE in all the treatments considered.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document