scholarly journals Modeling the effects of secular variation of geomagnetic field orientation on the ionospheric long term trend over the past century

2008 ◽  
Vol 113 (A10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinan Yue ◽  
Libo Liu ◽  
Weixing Wan ◽  
Yong Wei ◽  
Zhipeng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Secular Variation ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Field Orientation ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Trend

DIPHTHERIA IN THE UNITED STATES, 1959-1960

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
Theodore C. Doege ◽  
Clark W. Heath ◽  
Ida L. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Long Term Trend

Diphtheria attack rates and cases, and to a much lesser extent case-fatality rates, have fallen steadily within the United States during the past 25 years. However, during 1959 and 1960 there was a halt in this long-term trend. Epidemiologic data on 868 clinical cases of diphtheria occurring in 1959 and 873 cases in 1960 were submitted to the Communicable Disease Center by 45 states. The cases and several major outbreaks tended to concentrate in the southern and southwestern states. Attack rates and deaths were highest for children under 10 years, and attack rates were more than five times greater for nonwhite children. Analysis of 1960 immunization data shows that 72% of the patients had received no immunizations. Fifty-five per cent of carriers, but only 18% of persons with bacteriologically confirmed cases, had received a primary series. Only 1 person of 58 fatal cases occurring in 1960 had received a primary series. Certain problems for future investigation, disclosed by the surveillance data, are discussed.

Regional long-term trend of ground solar radiation in China over the past 50 years

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1242-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
JinYu Ma ◽  
Yong Luo ◽  
YanBo Shen ◽  
Hong Liang ◽  
ShiKui Li
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Trend

Late Holocene Climate Changes in Eastern North America Estimated from Pollen Data

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gajewski
Keyword(s):  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Long Term Trend

Well-dated pollen profiles from six sites from Maine to Minnesota record vegetation changes indicative of summer temperature and annual precipitation variations over the past 2000 yr. Laminations in the sediment provide accurate time control. Multiple regression techniques were used to calculate calibration functions from a spatial network of modern pollen and climate data. When applied to the six pollen diagrams, these calibration functions yielded estimates that show a long-term trend toward lower summer temperature. Superimposed on this long-term trend are short-term fluctuations that are frequently in phase at the sites. Departures from the long-term cooling trend are positive around 1500 yr ago (indicating relative warmth) and negative between 200 and 500 yr ago (indicating relative cold). Annual precipitation showed a slight increase at several sites during the past 1000 yr relative to the previous 1000 yr.

Evidence for a very-long-term trend in geomagnetic secular variation

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 395-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Biggin ◽  
Geert H. M. A. Strik ◽  
Cor G. Langereis
Keyword(s):  
Secular Variation ◽  
Geomagnetic Secular Variation ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Long Term Trend

scholarly journals Recent changes observed in column ozone concentrations over India

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
S. K. PESHIN ◽  
J. N. DEWHARE ◽  
R. C. BHATIA ◽  
S. K. SRIVASTAV
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Ozone Levels

Ozone observations taken during the past 23-39 years by Dobson Spectrophotometers at Delhi, Varanasi, Pune and Kodikanal have been analysed to examine its long-term trend over Indian stations. An increasing trend of this species over the years has been noticed at all the places, except at Varanasi, where a decreasing trend has been found. The cause of these trends could be attributed, partly, to the trends of ozone in the troposphere. The results also indicate that there are certain recent changes in ozone levels at the Indian stations. These changes are less apparent in long-term trend analysis of total ozone data as the increase in tropospheric ozone has a compensating effect to the decrease in ozone at stratospheric levels.

scholarly journals On the Secular Variation of Rainfall at Adelaide

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Periodic Changes

A detailed analysis of the rainfall of Adelaide has established that periodic changes occur in the incidence and duration of the winter rains. These changes have a period and amplitude of approximately 23 years and 30 days respectively, and superimposed on them is a long-term trend which is manifested by protraction of the latter half of the season, spring rains now occurring about 3 weeks later than they did just over 100 years ago. The total quantity of rain precipitated has shown no statistically significant changes.

Income Inequality and Redistribution Policies in Japan During the 1980s and 1990s

2006 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Income Transfers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transfer Income ◽  
Long Term Trend

We examine the long-term trend of income inequality and the effects of redistribution policies over the past two decades in Japan. The key findings are as follows. First, more than half of the widening inequality is attributable to population aging and declining household size. Notably, the increasing share of the elderly who reside apart from their children has raised income inequality in terms of pre-tax pre-transfer income. Second, the effects of redistribution policies were concentrated on reducing inequality among the elderly, but most of the inequality was caused by income transfers from the young, and withinage redistribution was generally limited. Third, the younger cohorts tend to face greater inequality of disposable income, suggesting that the redistribution policies have become less progressive on a lifetimeincome basis.

NAEP Trends: Main NAEP vs. Long-Term Trend

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Beaton ◽  
James R. Chromy
Keyword(s):  
Term Trend ◽  
Long Term Trend
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