A global study of diurnal warming using satellite-derived sea surface temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 108 (C5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice C. Stuart-Menteth
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
Global Study

scholarly journals The Effect of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Warming on Climatological Air–Sea Fluxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2546-2556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Anne Clayson ◽  
Alec S. Bogdanoff
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Diurnal sea surface warming affects the fluxes of latent heat, sensible heat, and upwelling longwave radiation. Diurnal warming most typically reaches maximum values of 3°C, although very localized events may reach 7°–8°C. An analysis of multiple years of diurnal warming over the global ice-free oceans indicates that heat fluxes determined by using the predawn sea surface temperature can differ by more than 100% in localized regions over those in which the sea surface temperature is allowed to fluctuate on a diurnal basis. A comparison of flux climatologies produced by these two analyses demonstrates that significant portions of the tropical oceans experience differences on a yearly average of up to 10 W m−2. Regions with the highest climatological differences include the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, as well as the equatorial western and eastern Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the western coasts of Central America and North Africa. Globally the difference is on average 4.45 W m−2. The difference in the evaporation rate globally is on the order of 4% of the total ocean–atmosphere evaporation. Although the instantaneous, year-to-year, and seasonal fluctuations in various locations can be substantial, the global average differs by less than 0.1 W m−2 throughout the entire 10-yr time period. A global heat budget that uses atmospheric datasets containing diurnal variability but a sea surface temperature that has removed this signal may be underestimating the flux to the atmosphere by a fairly constant value.

scholarly journals Satellite Perspectives of Sea Surface Temperature Diurnal Warming on Atmospheric Moistening and Radiative Heating During MJO

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-56
Author(s):  
Kyle Itterly ◽  
Patrick Taylor ◽  
J. Brent Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Moist Static Energy ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
Static Energy

AbstractDiurnal air-sea coupling affects climate modes such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) via the regional moist static energy budget. Prior to MJO initiation, large-scale subsidence increases (decreases) surface shortwave insolation (winds). These act in concert to significantly warm the uppermost layer of the ocean over the course of a single day and the ocean mixed layer over the course of 1-2 weeks. Here, we provide an integrated analysis of multiple surface, top-of-atmosphere, and atmospheric column observations to assess the covariability related to regions of strong diurnal sea surface temperature (dSST) warming over 44 MJO events between 2000-2018 to assess their role in MJO initiation. Combining satellite observations of evaporation and precipitation with reanalysis moisture budget terms, we find 30-50% enhanced moistening over high dSST regions during late afternoon using either ERA5 or MERRA-2 despite large model biases. Diurnally developing moisture convergence, only modestly weaker evaporation, and diurnal minimum precipitation act to locally enhance moistening over broad regions of enhanced diurnal warming, which rectifies onto the larger scale. Field campaign ship and sounding data corroborate that strong dSST periods are associated with reduced middle tropospheric humidity and larger diurnal amplitudes of surface warming, evaporation, instability, and column moistening. Further, we find greater daytime increases in low cloud cover and evidence of enhanced radiative destabilization for the top 50th dSST percentile. Together, these results support that dSST warming acts in concert with large-scale dynamics to enhance moist static energy during the suppressed to active phase transition of the MJO.

scholarly journals Assessment of Extreme Diurnal Warming in Operational Geosynchronous Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3771
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wick ◽  
Sandra L. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
A Value ◽  
Infrared Imager ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Cloud Screening ◽  
O 10 ◽  
Careful Processing

We evaluate the reliability and basic characteristics of observations of extreme DW events from current operational geostationary satellite sea surface temperature (SST) products through examination of three months of diurnal warming (DW) estimates derived by different methodologies from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on Meteosat-11, Advanced Himawari Imager on Himawari-8, and Advanced Baseline Imager on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16. This work primarily focuses on the following research questions: (1) Can these operational SST products accurately characterize extreme DW events? (2) What are the amplitudes and frequencies of these events? To answer these, we compute distributions of DW and DW exceedance and compare them amongst the different methods and geostationary sensors. Examination of the DW estimates demonstrates several challenges in accurately deriving distributions of the DW amplitude, particularly associated with estimating the “foundation” temperature and uncertainties in cloud screening. Overall, the results suggest that current geostationary sensors can reliably assess extreme DW, but the estimates are sensitive to the computational methods applied. We thus suggest careful processing/screening of the SST retrievals. We find a value of 3 K, corresponding to the 99th percentile, provides a potential practical threshold for extreme warming, but events of at least 6 K were reliably observed. Warming in excess of 6 K occurred somewhere an average of 47% of the time, and its probability at a given location was of O(10−6).

scholarly journals Sea Surface Temperature Daytime Climate Analyses Derived from Aerosol Bias-Corrected Satellite Data

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Nalli ◽  
Richard W. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Diurnal Warming

Abstract This paper describes daytime sea surface temperature (SST) climate analyses derived from 16 years (1985–2000) of reprocessed Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres (PATMOS) multichannel radiometric data. Two satellite bias correction methods are employed: the first being an aerosol correction, the second being an in situ correction of satellite biases. The aerosol bias correction is derived from observed statistical relationships between the slant-path aerosol optical depth and AVHRR multichannel SST (MCSST) depressions for elevated levels of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol. Weekly analyses of SST are produced on a 1° equal-angle grid using optimum interpolation (OI) methodology. Four separate OI analyses are derived based on 1) MCSST without satellite bias correction, 2) MCSST with aerosol satellite bias correction, 3) MCSST with in situ correction of satellite biases, and 4) MCSST with both aerosol and in situ corrections of satellite biases. These analyses are compared against the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager OI SST, along with the extended reconstruction SST in situ analysis product. The OI analysis 1 exhibits significant negative and positive biases. Analysis 2, derived exclusively from satellite data, reduces globally the negative bias associated with elevated atmospheric aerosol, and subsequently reveals pronounced variations in diurnal warming consistent with recently published works. Analyses 3 and 4, derived from in situ correction of satellite biases, alleviate biases (positive and negative) associated with both aerosol and diurnal warming, and also reduce the dispersion. The PATMOS OISST 1985–2000 daytime climate analyses presented here provide a high-resolution (1° weekly) empirical database for studying seasonal and interannual climate processes.

scholarly journals The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the central Atlantic air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kettle ◽  
C. J. Merchant ◽  
C. D. Jeffery ◽  
M. J. Filipiak ◽  
C. L. Gentemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Central Atlantic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The effect of diurnal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) on the air-sea flux of CO2 over the central Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean Sea (60 S–60 N, 60 W–45 E) is evaluated for 2005–2006. We use high spatial resolution hourly satellite ocean skin temperature data to determine the diurnal warming (ΔSST). The CO2 flux is then computed using three different temperature fields – a foundation temperature (Tf, measured at a depth where there is no diurnal variation), Tf, plus the hourly ΔSST and Tf, plus the monthly average of the ΔSSTs. This is done in conjunction with a physically-based parameterisation for the gas transfer velocity (NOAA-COARE). The differences between the fluxes evaluated for these three different temperature fields quantify the effects of both diurnal warming and diurnal covariations. We find that including diurnal warming increases the CO2 flux out of this region of the Atlantic for 2005–2006 from 9.6 Tg C a−1 to 30.4 Tg C a−1 (hourly ΔSST) and 31.2 Tg C a−1 (monthly average of ΔSST measurements). Diurnal warming in this region, therefore, has a large impact on the annual net CO2 flux but diurnal covariations are negligible. However, in this region of the Atlantic the uptake and outgassing of CO2 is approximately balanced over the annual cycle, so although we find diurnal warming has a very large effect here, the Atlantic as a whole is a very strong carbon sink (e.g. −920 Tg C a−1 Takahashi et al., 2002) making this is a small contribution to the Atlantic carbon budget.

scholarly journals The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the atlantic air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 15825-15853 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kettle ◽  
C. J. Merchant ◽  
C. D. Jeffery ◽  
M. J. Filipiak ◽  
C. L. Gentemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Transfer Velocity ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Diurnal Warming ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The effect of diurnal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) on the air-sea flux of CO2 over the central Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean Sea is evaluated for 2005–2006. We use high resolution hourly satellite SST data to determine the diurnal warming (ΔSST). The CO2 flux is then computed using three different temperature fields – a foundation temperature (Tf, measured at a depth where there is no diurnal variation), Tf plus the hourly ΔSST and Tf plus monthly-averaged ΔSST. This is done in conjunction with a physically-based parameterisation for the gas transfer velocity (NOAA-COARE). The differences between the fluxes evaluated for these three different temperature fields quantifies the effects of both diurnal warming and diurnal covariations. We find that including diurnal warming increases the CO2 flux out of the Atlantic for 2005–2006 from 9.6 Tg C a−1 to 30.4 Tg C a−1 (hourly ΔSST) and 31.2 Tg C a−1 (monthly ΔSST). Diurnal warming, therefore, has a large impact on the annual net CO2 flux but diurnal covariations in variables are negligible implying that CO2 fluxes may be adequately computed using monthly averaged ΔSSTs along with a suitable foundation temperature.

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