Sediment transport by dry ravel

Emmanuel J. Gabet

doi:10.1029/2001jb001686

Forest harvesting impacts on microclimate conditions and sediment transport activities in a humid periglacial environment

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-23-155-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 155-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fumitoshi Imaizumi ◽

Ryoko Nishii ◽

Kenichi Ueno ◽

Kousei Kurobe

Keyword(s):

Sediment Transport ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Sediment Flux ◽

Surface Erosion ◽

Net Radiation ◽

Soil Creep ◽

Diurnal Range ◽

Dry Ravel ◽

Microclimate Conditions

Abstract. Sediment transport activities in periglacial environments are controlled by microclimate conditions (i.e., air and ground temperatures, throughfall), which are highly affected by vegetation cover. Thus, there is the possibility that forest harvesting, the most dramatic change to vegetation cover in mountain areas, may severely impact sediment transport activities in periglacial areas (i.e., soil creep, dry ravel). In this study, we investigated changes in sediment transport activities following forest harvesting in steep artificial forests located in a humid periglacial area of the southern Japanese Alps. In the southern Japanese Alps, rainfall is abundant in summer and autumn, and winter air temperatures frequently rise above and fall below 0∘. Our monitoring by time lapse cameras revealed that gravitational transport processes (e.g., frost creep and dry ravel) dominate during the freeze–thaw season, while rainfall-induced processes (surface erosion and soil creep) occur during heavy rainfall seasons. Canopy removal by forest harvesting increased the winter diurnal ground surface temperature range from 2.7 to 15.9 ∘C. Forest harvesting also increased the diurnal range of net radiation and ground temperature, and decreased the duration of snow cover. Such changes in the microclimate conditions altered the type of winter soil creep from frost creep to diurnal needle-ice creep. Winter creep velocity of ground surface sediment in the harvested site (> 2 mm day−1 on the days with frost heave) was significantly higher than that in the non-harvested site (generally < 1 mm day−1). Meanwhile, sediment flux on the hillslopes, as observed by sediment traps, decreased in the harvested site. Branches of harvested trees left on the hillslopes captured sediment moving downslope. In addition, the growth of understories after harvesting possibly reduced surface erosion. Consequently, removal of the forest canopy by forest harvesting directly impacts the microclimate conditions (i.e., diurnal range of ground temperature and net radiation, duration of snow cover) and increases frequency and velocity of periglacial soil creep, while sediment flux on hillslopes is decreased by branches left on the hillslopes and recovery of understories. The impact of forest harvesting on sediment transport activity is seasonally variable in humid periglacial areas, because microclimate conditions relevant to both freeze–thaw processes and precipitation-induced processes control sediment transport.

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Forest harvesting impacts on micrometeorological conditions and sediment transport activities in a humid periglacial environment

10.5194/hess-2018-64 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Fumitoshi Imaizumi ◽

Ryoko Nishii ◽

Kenichi Ueno ◽

Kousei Kurobe

Keyword(s):

Sediment Transport ◽

Vegetation Cover ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Transport Processes ◽

Sediment Flux ◽

Surface Erosion ◽

Soil Creep ◽

Dry Ravel ◽

Micrometeorological Conditions

Abstract. Sediment transport activities in the periglacial environment are controlled by hillslopes micrometeorological conditions (i.e., air and ground temperatures, ground water content), which are highly affected by vegetation cover. Thus, there is a possibility that forest harvesting, which is the most dramatic change to vegetation cover in mountain areas, may severely impact sediment transport activities in periglacial areas (i.e., soil creep, dry ravel). Knowledge of the effects of forest harvesting on sediment transport are needed to protect aquatic ecosystems as well as to develop better mitigation measures for preventing sediment disasters. In this study, we investigated changes in sediment transport activities following forest harvesting in steep artificial forests located in a humid periglacial area of the Southern Japanese Alps. In the Southern Japanese Alps, rainfall is abundant in summer and autumn, and air temperatures frequently rise above and fall below 0 degrees in the winter. Our monitoring by time laps cameras revealed that gravitational transport processes (e.g., frost creep and dry ravel) dominate during the freeze-thaw season, while rainfall-induced processes (surface erosion and soil creep) occur during heavy rainfall seasons. Removal of the forest canopy by forest harvesting alters the type of winter soil creep from deeper frost creep to diurnal needle-ice creep. Winter creep velocity of the ground surface sediment in the harvested site was significantly higher than that in the non-harvested site. Meanwhile, sediment flux on the hillslopes observed by sediment traps decreased in the harvested site. Branches of harvested trees left on the hillslopes captured sediment coming from upslope. In addition, the growth of understories after harvesting possibly reduced surface erosion. Consequently, removal of the forest canopy by forest harvesting directly impacts micrometeorological conditions and periglacial sediment transport activity, while sediment flux on hillslopes is also affected by branches left on the hillslopes and recovery of understories.

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