scholarly journals Energy content in the storm time ring current

2001 ◽  
Vol 106 (A9) ◽  
pp. 19149-19156 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Turner ◽  
D. N. Baker ◽  
T. I. Pulkkinen ◽  
J. L. Roeder ◽  
J. F. Fennell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Current ◽  
Energy Content

scholarly journals The ring current: a short biography

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Egeland ◽  
W. J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Ring Current ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Magnetic Signatures ◽  
Collective Plasma

Abstract. The "ring current'' grows in the inner magnetosphere during magnetic storms and contributes significantly to characteristic perturbations to the Earth's field observed at low-latitudes. This paper outlines how understanding of the ring current evolved during the half-century intervals before and after humans gained direct access to space. Its existence was first postulated in 1910 by Carl Størmer to explain the locations and equatorward migrations of aurorae under stormtime conditions. In 1917 Adolf Schmidt applied Størmer's ring-current hypothesis to explain the observed negative perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field. More than another decade would pass before Sydney Chapman and Vicenzo Ferraro argued for its necessity to explain magnetic signatures observed during the main phases of storms. Both the Størmer and Chapman–Ferraro models had difficulties explaining how solar particles entered and propagated in the magnetosphere to form the ring current. During the early 1950s Hannes Alfvén correctly argued that the ring current was a collective plasma effect, but failed to explain particle entry. The discovery of a weak but persistent interplanetary magnetic field embedded in a continuous solar wind provided James Dungey with sufficient evidence to devise the magnetic merging-reconnection model now regarded as the basis for understanding magnetospheric and auroral activity. In the mid-1960s Louis Frank showed that ions in the newly discovered plasma sheet had the energy spectral characteristics needed to explain the ring current's origin. The introduction of ion mass spectrometers on space missions during the 1970s revealed that O+ ions from the ionosphere contribute large fractions of the ring current's energy content. Precisely how cold O+ ions in the ionosphere are accelerated to ring-current energies still challenges scientific understanding.

scholarly journals Energy Content in the Stormtime Ring Current

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Turner ◽  
D. N. Baker ◽  
T. L. Pulkkimen ◽  
J. L. Roeder ◽  
J. F. Funnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Current ◽  
Energy Content

The Impacts of Substorms on the Ring Current

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Sandhu ◽  
Jonathan Rae ◽  
Maria-Theresia Walach ◽  
Clare Watt ◽  
Mervyn Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Current ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Time Asymmetry ◽  
Inner Magnetosphere ◽  
H Index ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Emic Wave ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Current Energy

<p>Substorms are a highly dynamic process that results in the global redistribution of energy within the magnetosphere. The occurrence of a substorm can provide the inner magnetosphere with hot ions and consequently intensify the ring current population. However, substorms are a highly variable phenomenon that can occur as an isolated event or as part of a sequence. In this study we investigate how substorms shape the energy content, anisotropy, and storm time behaviour of the ring current population.</p><p>Using ion observations (H+, O+, and He+) from the RBSPICE and HOPE instruments onboard the Van Allen Probes, we quantify how the total ring current energy content and ring current anisotropy changes during the substorm process. A statistical analysis demonstrates the impact of a typical substorm energises the ring current by 12% on average. The features of the energy enhancement correlate well with the expected properties of particle injections into the inner magnetosphere, and large enhancements in the O+ contribution to the energy content suggest important compositional variations.</p><p>Analysis also shows that the ring current ions experience significant isotropisation following substorm onset. Although previously attributed to enhanced EMIC wave activity, a consideration of different drivers of the isotropisation identifies that although EMIC wave activity plays a role, the properties of the injected and convected population is the dominant driver.</p><p>Finally, we explore the storm time variations of the ring current, revealing important information on the role of substorms in storm dynamics. A superposed epoch analysis of ring current energy content shows large enhancements particularly in the premidnight sector during the main phase, and a reduction in both local time asymmetry and intensity during the recovery phase. A comparison with estimated energy content using the Sym-H index was conducted. In agreement with previous results, the Sym-H index significantly overestimates energy content. A new finding is an observed temporal discrepancy, where estimates maximise ~ 12 hours earlier than the in-situ observations. We assert that an observed enhancement in substorm activity coincident with the Sym-H recovery is responsible. The results highlight the drawbacks of ring current indices and emphasise the impacts of substorms on the ring current population.</p>

Energy content of stormtime ring current from phase space mapping simulations

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 1727-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Chen ◽  
Michael Schulz ◽  
Larry R. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Ring Current ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Space Mapping

Ring current model of the naphthalene molecule

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICCARDO ZANASI ◽  
PAOLO LAZZERETTI
Keyword(s):  
Ring Current ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Naphthalene Molecule

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Fine-scale taxonomic and temporal variability in the energy density of invertebrate prey of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
J Weil ◽  
WDP Duguid ◽  
F Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Variation in the energy content of prey can drive the diet choice, growth and ultimate survival of consumers. In Pacific salmon species, obtaining sufficient energy for rapid growth during early marine residence is hypothesized to reduce the risk of size-selective mortality. In order to determine the energetic benefit of feeding choices for individuals, accurate estimates of energy density (ED) across prey groups are required. Frequently, a single species is assumed to be representative of a larger taxonomic group or related species. Further, single-point estimates are often assumed to be representative of a group across seasons, despite temporal variability. To test the validity of these practices, we sampled zooplankton prey of juvenile Chinook salmon to investigate fine-scale taxonomic and temporal differences in ED. Using a recently developed model to estimate the ED of organisms using percent ash-free dry weight, we compared energy content of several groups that are typically grouped together in growth studies. Decapod megalopae were more energy rich than zoeae and showed family-level variability in ED. Amphipods showed significant species-level variability in ED. Temporal differences were observed, but patterns were not consistent among groups. Bioenergetic model simulations showed that growth rate of juvenile Chinook salmon was almost identical when prey ED values were calculated on a fine scale or on a taxon-averaged coarse scale. However, single-species representative calculations of prey ED yielded highly variable output in growth depending on the representative species used. These results suggest that the latter approach may yield significantly biased results.

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