scholarly journals The recommended dissociation constants for carbonic acid in seawater

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitack Lee ◽  
Frank J. Millero ◽  
Robert H. Byrne ◽  
Richard A. Feely ◽  
Rik Wanninkhof
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissociation Constants

scholarly journals THE ACTIVATION OF STARFISH EGGS BY ACIDS

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph S. Lillie
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Molecular Concentration ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acids ◽  
Effective Component ◽  
Rate Of Activation

1. Comparison of the rates of activation of unfertilized starfish eggs in pure solutions of a variety of parthenogenetically effective organic acids (fatty acids, carbonic acid, benzoic and salicylic acids, chloro- and nitrobenzoic acids) shows that solutions which activate the eggs at the same rate, although widely different in molecular concentration, tend to be closely similar in CH. The dissociation constants of these acids range from 3.2 x 10–7 to 1.32 x 10–3. 2. In the case of each of the fourteen acids showing parthenogenetic action the rate of activation (within the favorable range of concentration) proved nearly proportional to the concentration of acid. The estimated CH of solutions exhibiting an optimum action with exposures of 10 minutes (at 20°) lay typically between 1.1 x 10–4 M and 2.1 x 10–4 M (pH = 3.7–3.96), and in most cases between 1.6 x 10–4 M and 2.1 x 10–4 M (pH = 3.7–3.8). Formic acid (CH = 4.2 x 10–4 M) and o-chlorobenzoic acid (CH = 3.5 x 10–4 M) are exceptions; o-nitrobenzoic acid is ineffective, apparently because of slow penetration. 3. Activation is not dependent on the penetration of H ions into the egg from without, as is shown by the effects following the addition of its Na salt to the solution of the activating acid (acetic, benzoic, salicylic). The rate of activation is increased by such addition, to a degree indicating that the parthenogenetically effective component of the external solution is the undissociated free acid. Apparently the undissociated molecules alone penetrate the egg freely. It is assumed that, having penetrated, they dissociate in the interior of the egg, furnishing there the H ions which effect activation. 4. Attention is drawn to certain parallels between the physiological conditions controlling activation in the starfish egg and in the vertebrate respiratory center.

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub>* and K<sub>2</sub>* appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

Ocean Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas data products to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at temperatures below about 8 ∘C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Millero ◽  
Taylor B. Graham ◽  
Fen Huang ◽  
Héctor Bustos-Serrano ◽  
Denis Pierrot
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissociation Constants

The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabindra N Roy ◽  
Lakshimi N Roy ◽  
Kathleen M Vogel ◽  
C Porter-Moore ◽  
Tara Pearson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissociation Constants

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub><sup>*</sup> and K<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup> appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas databases to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at low temperatures, below ~ 8 °C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions, and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

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