Disturbed O/N2 ratios and their transport to middle and low latitudes

The issue of calculating the plane rectangular coordinates using the data obtained by the satellite observations during the creation of the geodetic networks is discussed in the article. The peculiarity of these works is in conversion of the coordinates into the Mercator projection, while the plane coordinate system on the base of Gauss-Kruger projection is used in Russia. When using the technology of global navigation satellite system, this task is relevant for any point (area) of the Earth due to a fundamentally different approach in determining the coordinates. The fact is that satellite determinations are much more precise than the ground coordination methods (triangulation and others). In addition, the conversion to the zonal coordinate system is associated with errors; the value at present can prove to be completely critical. The expediency of using the Mercator projection in the topographic and geodetic works production at low latitudes is shown numerically on the basis of model calculations. To convert the coordinates from the geocentric system with the Mercator projection, a programming algorithm which is widely used in Russia was chosen. For its application under low-latitude conditions, the modification of known formulas to be used in Saudi Arabia is implemented.

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TRANSEQUATORIAL FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS AT LOW LATITUDES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONNECTION WITH THE EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET

Brazilian Journal of Geophysics ◽

10.22564/rbgf.v11i3.1151 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

N. Fukushima

Keyword(s):

Equatorial Electrojet ◽

Low Latitudes

Para solicitação de resumo, entrar em contato com editor-chefe ([email protected]).

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Global 3D Features of Error Variances of GPS Radio Occultation and Radiosonde Observations

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13010001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Xu Xu ◽

Xiaolei Zou

Keyword(s):

Radio Occultation ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Lower Troposphere ◽

Error Variance ◽

Specific Humidity ◽

Temperature Error ◽

Observation Error ◽

Bending Angle ◽

Gps Radio Occultation ◽

Low Latitudes

Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and radiosonde (RS) observations are two major types of observations assimilated in numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. Observation error variances are required input that determines the weightings given to observations in data assimilation. This study estimates the error variances of global GPS RO refractivity and bending angle and RS temperature and humidity observations at 521 selected RS stations using the three-cornered hat method with additional ERA-Interim reanalysis and Global Forecast System forecast data available from 1 January 2016 to 31 August 2019. The global distributions, of both RO and RS observation error variances, are analyzed in terms of vertical and latitudinal variations. Error variances of RO refractivity and bending angle and RS specific humidity in the lower troposphere, such as at 850 hPa (3.5 km impact height for the bending angle), all increase with decreasing latitude. The error variances of RO refractivity and bending angle and RS specific humidity can reach about 30 N-unit2, 3 × 10−6 rad2, and 2 (g kg−1)2, respectively. There is also a good symmetry of the error variances of both RO refractivity and bending angle with respect to the equator between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at all vertical levels. In this study, we provide the mean error variances of refractivity and bending angle in every 5°-latitude band between the equator and 60°N, as well as every interval of 10 hPa pressure or 0.2 km impact height. The RS temperature error variance distribution differs from those of refractivity, bending angle, and humidity, which, at low latitudes, are smaller (less than 1 K2) than those in the midlatitudes (more than 3 K2). In the midlatitudes, the RS temperature error variances in North America are larger than those in East Asia and Europe, which may arise from different radiosonde types among the above three regions.

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A captorhinid-dominated assemblage from the palaeoequatorial Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s1755691021000268 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Rafel MATAMALES-ANDREU ◽

Francesc X. ROIG-MUNAR ◽

Oriol OMS ◽

Àngel GALOBART ◽

Josep FORTUNY

Keyword(s):

Western Mediterranean ◽

Balearic Islands ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Lower Permian ◽

Incertae Sedis ◽

The North ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

High Fibre ◽

Successful Group ◽

Neighbouring Island

ABSTRACT Moradisaurine captorhinid eureptiles were a successful group of high-fibre herbivores that lived in the arid low latitudes of Pangaea during the Permian. Here we describe a palaeoassemblage from the Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), consisting of ichnites of small captorhinomorph eureptiles, probably moradisaurines (Hyloidichnus), and parareptiles (cf. Erpetopus), and bones of two different taxa of moradisaurines. The smallest of the two is not diagnostic beyond Moradisaurinae incertae sedis. The largest one, on the other hand, shows characters that are not present in any other known species of moradisaurine (densely ornamented maxillar teeth), and it is therefore described as Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov. Other remains found in the same outcrop are identified as cf. Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov., as they could also belong to the newly described taxon. This species is sister to the moradisaurine from the lower Permian of the neighbouring island of Mallorca, and is also closely related to the North American genus Rothianiscus. This makes it possible to suggest the hypothesis that the Variscan mountains, which separated North America from southern Europe during the Permian, were not a very important palaeobiogeographical barrier to the dispersion of moradisaurines. In fact, mapping all moradisaurine occurrences known so far, it is shown that their distribution area encompassed both sides of the Variscan mountains, essentially being restricted to the arid belt of palaeoequatorial Pangaea, where they probably outcompeted other herbivorous clades until they died out in the late Permian.

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Influence of the cloud-level neutral layer on the vertical propagation of topographically generated gravity waves on Venus

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/s40623-019-1106-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Takeru Yamada ◽

Takeshi Imamura ◽

Tetsuya Fukuhara ◽

Makoto Taguchi

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Gravity Wave ◽

Local Time ◽

Gravity Waves ◽

Analytical Approach ◽

Wave Activity ◽

Neutral Layer ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

Vertical Propagation ◽

The Waves

AbstractThe reason for stationary gravity waves at Venus’ cloud top to appear mostly at low latitudes in the afternoon is not understood. Since a neutral layer exists in the lower part of the cloud layer, the waves should be affected by the neutral layer before reaching the cloud top. To what extent gravity waves can propagate vertically through the neutral layer has been unclear. To examine the possibility that the variation of the neutral layer thickness is responsible for the dependence of the gravity wave activity on the latitude and the local time, we investigated the sensitivity of the vertical propagation of gravity waves on the neutral layer thickness using a numerical model. The results showed that stationary gravity waves with zonal wavelengths longer than 1000 km can propagate to the cloud-top level without notable attenuation in the neutral layer with realistic thicknesses of 5–15 km. This suggests that the observed latitudinal and local time variation of the gravity wave activity should be attributed to processes below the cloud. An analytical approach also showed that gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths shorter than tens of kilometers would be strongly attenuated in the neutral layer; such waves should originate in the altitude region above the neutral layer.

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