Unifying principles of the deep terrestrial and deep marine biospheres

2004 ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Colwell ◽  
Richard P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Unifying Principles

scholarly journals Unifying principles of bifunctional, proximity-inducing small molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Gerry ◽  
Stuart L. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Unifying Principles

scholarly journals Rational Creatures and Free Citizens: The Language of Politics in the Eighteenth‑Century Debate on Women

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Susan E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
Unifying Principles ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Condition Of Women ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This paper examines the intersection between the debate on women and the wider political debates of late eighteenth-century England. During this period the meaning of concepts such as liberty, equality, and rights was contested not only with regard to political relationships among men, but also as they applied to civil and domestic relationships between men and women. The language of politics encouraged the definition of women's oppression in terms of the unrepresentative nature of authority exercised by men. The values of rationality, equality, and independence espoused by radicals in the debate on women were part of a larger conception of virtue, which carried with it political as well as moral implications. These political implications came to the fore in the conservative response. Conservatives' ideas on women were part of a larger vision of social and political order in which duty, obedience, and dependence operated as the unifying principles. Within this framework, radical proposals for a more egalitarian family structure were viewed as a potential threat to political order. At the heart of this debate lay not only a dispute regarding the condition of women, but also a struggle between two conflicting visions of the ideal society.

scholarly journals The Law of Obligations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lobban
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
American Law ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Unifying Principles

The Anglo-American law of obligations was profoundly reshaped in the two centuries after 1800, driven by social and economic changes, and changes in legal institutions and doctrines. In contract law, nineteenth-century jurists increasingly sought to put the rules of law into a coherent rational framework (inspired by continental models resting on will theory), though they soon found that this theory could not explain many contractual doctrines. In tort law, jurists were also divided over whether unifying principles underlying tort could be uncovered, with formalist efforts to find such principles being challenged by Realists who argued that tort was in effect ‘public law in disguise’. The quest for underlying principles was also pursued by scholars of unjust enrichment, first in the United States and subsequently in England; though as in the other areas of obligations, by the end of the twentieth century, there was no consensus on whether this was possible.

Mechanisms of Selective Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trond Lamark ◽  
Terje Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sequence Motifs ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Lysosomal Degradation ◽  
Autophagosome Formation ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Unifying Principles

Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants. SARs can be divided into two broad groups: soluble or membrane bound. Cargo or substrate selection may be independent or dependent of ubiquitin labeling of the cargo. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of mammalian selective autophagy with a focus on the unifying principles employed in substrate recognition, interaction with the forming autophagosome via LIR-ATG8 interactions, and the recruitment of core autophagy components for efficient autophagosome formation on the substrate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms—Unifying Principles and New Paradigms

Water ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 5592-5598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Hall-Spencer ◽  
Mike Thorndyke ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Unifying Principles

scholarly journals Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1753) ◽  
pp. 20170232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Pinter-Wollman ◽  
Alan Penn ◽  
Guy Theraulaz ◽  
Stephen M. Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Collective Cognition ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Interdisciplinary Exchange ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
Unifying Principles

Built structures, such as animal nests or buildings that humans occupy, serve two overarching purposes: shelter and a space where individuals interact. The former has dominated much of the discussion in the literature. But, as the study of collective behaviour expands, it is time to elucidate the role of the built environment in shaping collective outcomes. Collective behaviour in social animals emerges from interactions, and collective cognition in humans emerges from communication and coordination. These collective actions have vast economic implications in human societies and critical fitness consequences in animal systems. Despite the obvious influence of space on interactions, because spatial proximity is necessary for an interaction to occur, spatial constraints are rarely considered in studies of collective behaviour or collective cognition. An interdisciplinary exchange between behavioural ecologists, evolutionary biologists, cognitive scientists, social scientists, architects and engineers can facilitate a productive exchange of ideas, methods and theory that could lead us to uncover unifying principles and novel research approaches and questions in studies of animal and human collective behaviour. This article, along with those in this theme issue aims to formalize and catalyse this interdisciplinary exchange. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour’.

scholarly journals Common principles of early mammalian embryo self-organisation

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (14) ◽  
pp. dev183079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenika Płusa ◽  
Anna Piliszek
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Mammalian Embryo ◽  
Early Mammalian Embryo ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Self Organisation ◽  
Unifying Principles ◽  
Morphogenic Process ◽  
Early Mammalian Development

ABSTRACTPre-implantation mammalian development unites extreme plasticity with a robust outcome: the formation of a blastocyst, an organised multi-layered structure ready for implantation. The process of blastocyst formation is one of the best-known examples of self-organisation. The first three cell lineages in mammalian development specify and arrange themselves during the morphogenic process based on cell-cell interactions. Despite decades of research, the unifying principles driving early mammalian development are still not fully defined. Here, we discuss the role of physical forces, and molecular and cellular mechanisms, in driving self-organisation and lineage formation that are shared between eutherian mammals.

Growth and life histories in Nematoda with particular reference to environmental factors

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Boag ◽  
Gregor Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Physical Support ◽  
Unifying Principles

AbstractTo seek unifying principles underlying growth patterns in the phylum Nematoda, the volume of successive developmental stages was determined from published measurements. Within some groups occupying fairly uniform, non-living habitats ( e.g. , Longidoridae, Mononchida, non-parasitic Rhabditida) growth patterns are similar, as are the sizes of both sexes. In aquatic Chromadorida and Monhysterida, females are commonly larger than males. Plant-parasitic groups vary in the relative size of the sexes; within Criconematoidea there is some reduction of males in Hemicyliophora but extreme reduction in Tylenchulus. Despite freeliving and parasitic cycles of Strongyloides showing differing growth in stages 2 to 4, females are similar in both cycles. The strongylid parasites of vertebrates studied have a bacterial-feeding external stage and have lower growth rates and achieve smaller female size than Ascardia with direct life cycles. In taxa for which data are available, the increase in volume between stages 1 and 2 was 0.4-53-fold; that between stages 2 and 3, typically, 1.8-2.9-fold but up to 8191-fold; between stages 3 to 4, 1.7-3.8-fold but up to 100-fold; and between stage 4 to female, typically, 1.1-42-fold but up to 918-fold. Complete data are available for few nematode species and there is no apparent consistent pattern in which taxa contain 'outliers' at particular stages. Many more data are required to assess the impacts of habitat texture, physical support, food supply and experienced temperature on nematode growth and size.

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