Petrological and volcanological constraints on volcanic sulfur emissions to the atmosphere

2003 ◽  
pp. 11-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Scaillet ◽  
James F. Luhr ◽  
Michael R. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Emissions

scholarly journals The Toba supervolcano eruption caused severe tropical stratospheric ozone depletion

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Osipov ◽  
Georgiy Stenchikov ◽  
Kostas Tsigaridis ◽  
Allegra N. LeGrande ◽  
Susanne E. Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Attenuation Mechanism ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Sulfur Emissions

AbstractSupervolcano eruptions have occurred throughout Earth’s history and have major environmental impacts. These impacts are mostly associated with the attenuation of visible sunlight by stratospheric sulfate aerosols, which causes cooling and deceleration of the water cycle. Supereruptions have been assumed to cause so-called volcanic winters that act as primary evolutionary factors through ecosystem disruption and famine, however, winter conditions alone may not be sufficient to cause such disruption. Here we use Earth system model simulations to show that stratospheric sulfur emissions from the Toba supereruption 74,000 years ago caused severe stratospheric ozone loss through a radiation attenuation mechanism that only moderately depends on the emission magnitude. The Toba plume strongly inhibited oxygen photolysis, suppressing ozone formation in the tropics, where exceptionally depleted ozone conditions persisted for over a year. This effect, when combined with volcanic winter in the extra-tropics, can account for the impacts of supereruptions on ecosystems and humanity.

scholarly journals Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2999-3014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Donkelaar ◽  
R. V. Martin ◽  
W. R. Leaitch ◽  
A. M. Macdonald ◽  
T. W. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Long Range ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Transport Experiment ◽  
Sulfur Emissions

Abstract. We interpret a suite of satellite, aircraft, and ground-based measurements over the North Pacific Ocean and western North America during April–May 2006 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) campaign to understand the implications of long-range transport of East Asian emissions to North America. The Canadian component of INTEX-B included 33 vertical profiles from a Cessna 207 aircraft equipped with an aerosol mass spectrometer. Long-range transport of organic aerosols was insignificant, contrary to expectations. Measured sulfate plumes in the free troposphere over British Columbia exceeded 2 μg/m3. We update the global anthropogenic emission inventory in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and use it to interpret the observations. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieved from two satellite instruments (MISR and MODIS) for 2000–2006 are analyzed with GEOS-Chem to estimate an annual growth in Chinese sulfur emissions of 6.2% and 9.6%, respectively. Analysis of aircraft sulfate measurements from the NASA DC-8 over the central Pacific, the NSF C-130 over the east Pacific and the Cessna over British Columbia indicates most Asian sulfate over the ocean is in the lower free troposphere (800–600 hPa), with a decrease in pressure toward land due to orographic effects. We calculate that 56% of the measured sulfate between 500–900 hPa over British Columbia is due to East Asian sources. We find evidence of a 72–85% increase in the relative contribution of East Asian sulfate to the total burden in spring off the northwest coast of the United States since 1985. Campaign-average simulations indicate anthropogenic East Asian sulfur emissions increase mean springtime sulfate in Western Canada at the surface by 0.31 μg/m3 (~30%) and account for 50% of the overall regional sulfate burden between 1 and 5 km. Mean measured daily surface sulfate concentrations taken in the Vancouver area increase by 0.32 μg/m3 per 10% increase in the simulated fraction of Asian sulfate, and suggest current East Asian emissions episodically degrade local air quality by more than 1.5 μg/m3.

Estimation of the Annual Contribution of US Sulfur Emissions to Canadian Acidic Deposition and Vice Versa

1991 ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Francis S. Binkowski ◽  
Julius S. Chang ◽  
John N. McHenry ◽  
Steven D. Reynolds ◽  
Richard D. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Sulfur Emissions

scholarly journals Attribution of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide over the English Channel to Dimethylsulfide and Changing Ship Emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxi Yang ◽  
Thomas G. Bell ◽  
Frances E. Hopkins ◽  
Timothy J. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
High Level ◽  
Marine Air ◽  
Sulfur Emissions

Abstract. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) was measured continuously from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory(PPAO) near Plymouth, United Kingdom between May 2014 and November 2015. This coastal site is exposed to marine air across a wide wind sector. The predominant southwesterly winds carry relatively clean background Atlantic air. In contrast, air from the southeast is heavily influenced by exhaust plumes from ships in the English Channel as well as near the Plymouth Sound. New International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation came into force in January 2015 to reduce sulfur emissions tenfold in Sulfur Emission Control Areas such as the English Channel. Our observations suggest a three-fold reduction from 2014 to 2015 in ship-emitted SO2 from that direction. Apparent fuel sulfur content calculated from coincidental SO2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) peaks from local ship plum es show a high level of compliance to the IMO regulation (> 95 %) in both years. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is an important source of atmospheric SO2 even in this semi-polluted region. The relative contribution of DMS oxidation to the SO2 burden over the English Channel increased from ~ 1/3 in 2014 to ~ 1/2 in 2015 due to the reduction in ship sulfur emissions. Our diel analysis suggests that SO2 is removed from the marine atmospheric boundary layer in about half a day, with dry deposition to the ocean accounting for a quarter of the total loss.

scholarly journals Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5537-5561 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
D. L. Mauzerall ◽  
L. W. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Source Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Sulfur Emissions

Abstract. We analyze the effect of varying East Asian (EA) sulfur emissions on sulfate concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, using a global coupled oxidant-aerosol model (MOZART-2). We conduct a base and five sensitivity simulations, in which sulfur emissions from each continent are tagged, to establish the source-receptor (S-R) relationship between EA sulfur emissions and sulfate concentrations over source and downwind regions. We find that from west to east across the North Pacific, EA sulfate contributes approximately 80%–20% of sulfate at the surface, but at least 50% at 500 hPa. In addition, EA SO2 emissions account for approximately 30%–50% and 10%–20% of North American background sulfate over the western and eastern US, respectively. The contribution of EA sulfate to the western US at the surface is highest in MAM and JJA, but is lowest in DJF. Reducing EA SO2 emissions will significantly decrease the spatial extent of the EA sulfate influence over the North Pacific both at the surface and at 500 mb in all seasons, but the extent of influence is insensitive to emission increases, particularly in DJF and JJA. We find that EA sulfate concentrations over most downwind regions respond nearly linearly to changes in EA SO2 emissions, but sulfate concentrations over the EA source region increase more slowly than SO2 emissions, particularly at the surface and in winter, due to limited availability of oxidants (mostly H2O2). We find that similar estimates of the S-R relationship for trans-Pacific transport of EA sulfate would be obtained using either sensitivity or tagging techniques. Our findings suggest that future changes in EA sulfur emissions may cause little change in the sulfate induced health impact over downwind continents but SO2 emission reductions may significantly reduce the sulfate related climate cooling over the North Pacific and the United States.

scholarly journals Changing Trends in Sulfur Emissions in Asia:  Implications for Acid Deposition, Air Pollution, and Climate

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (22) ◽  
pp. 4707-4713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Carmichael ◽  
David G. Streets ◽  
Giuseppe Calori ◽  
Markus Amann ◽  
Mark Z. Jacobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Sulfur Emissions
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