Gut Microbial Activity, Implications for Health and Disease: The Potential Role of Metabolite Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5573-5585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna. P. Nyangale ◽  
Donald. S. Mottram ◽  
Glenn. R. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Metabolite Analysis ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Endothelin in health and disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emina Nakaš-Ićindić ◽  
Asija Začiragić ◽  
Almira Hadžović ◽  
Nešina Avdagić
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Endothelin 3 ◽  
Stimulation Of

Endothelin is a recently discovered peptide composed of 21 amino acids. There are three endothelin isomers: endothelin -1 (ET-1), endothelin -2 (ET-2) and endothelin - 3 (ET-3). In humans and animals levels of ET-1, ET-2, ET-3 and big endothelin in blood range from 0,3 to 3 pg/ml. ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3 act by binding to receptors. Two main types of the receptors for endothelins exist and they are referred to as A and B type receptors. Different factors can stimulate or inhibit production of endothelin by endothelial cells. Mechanical stimulation of endothehum, thrombin, calcium ions, epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, dopamine, cytokines, growth factors stimulate the production of endothelin whereas nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, atrial natriuretic peptide, prostacyclin, bradykinin inhibit its production. Endothelins have different physiological roles in human body but at the same time their actions are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases.The aim of this review was to present some of, so far, the best studied physiological roles of endothelin and to summarize evidence supporting the potential role of ET in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.

scholarly journals Metabolomics in the developmental origins of obesity and its cardiometabolic consequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Hivert ◽  
W. Perng ◽  
S. M. Watkins ◽  
C. S. Newgard ◽  
L. C. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Review Current

In this review, we discuss the potential role of metabolomics to enhance understanding of obesity-related developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We first provide an overview of common techniques and analytical approaches to help interested investigators dive into this relatively novel field. Next, we describe how metabolomics may capture exposures that are notoriously difficult to quantify, and help to further refine phenotypes associated with excess adiposity and related metabolic sequelae over the life course. Together, these data can ultimately help to elucidate mechanisms that underlie fetal metabolic programming. Finally, we review current gaps in knowledge and identify areas where the field of metabolomics is likely to provide insights into mechanisms linked to DOHaD in human populations.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Effects of Drugs of Abuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Heinbockel ◽  
Antonei Csoka
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Abused Drugs

Drug addiction affects a large extent of young people and disadvantaged populations. Drugs of abuse impede brain circuits or affect the functionality of brain circuits and interfere with bodily functions. Cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) form key constituents of marijuana derived from the cannabis plant. Marijuana is a frequently used illegal drug in the USA. Here, we review the effects of cannabinoids at the epigenetic level and the potential role of these epigenetic effects in health and disease. Epigenetics is the study of alterations in gene expression that are transmitted across generations and take place without an alteration in DNA sequence, but are due to modulation of chromatin associated factors by environmental effects. Epigenetics is now known to offer an extra mechanism of control over transcription and how genes are expressed. Insights from research at the genetic and epigenetic level potentially provide venues that allow the translation of the biology of abused drugs to new means of how to treat marijuana substance use disorder or other addictions using pharmacotherapeutic tools.

scholarly journals Potential role of coenzyme Q10 in health and disease conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol Volume 10 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor C Rodick ◽  
Donna R Seibels ◽  
Jeganathan Ramesh Babu ◽  
Kevin W Huggins ◽  
Guang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals First Insights into the Diverse Human Archaeome: Specific Detection of Archaea in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Lung, and Nose and on Skin

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisa Koskinen ◽  
Manuela R. Pausan ◽  
Alexandra K. Perras ◽  
Michael Beck ◽  
Corinna Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Processing Pipeline ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Human-associated archaea remain understudied in the field of microbiome research, although in particular methanogenic archaea were found to be regular commensals of the human gut, where they represent keystone species in metabolic processes. Knowledge on the abundance and diversity of human-associated archaea is extremely limited, and little is known about their function(s), their overall role in human health, or their association with parts of the human body other than the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity. Currently, methodological issues impede the full assessment of the human archaeome, as bacteria-targeting protocols are unsuitable for characterization of the full spectrum of Archaea. The goal of this study was to establish conservative protocols based on specifically archaea-targeting, PCR-based methods to retrieve first insights into the archaeomes of the human gastrointestinal tract, lung, nose, and skin. Detection of Archaea was highly dependent on primer selection and the sequence processing pipeline used. Our results enabled us to retrieve a novel picture of the human archaeome, as we found for the first time Methanobacterium and Woesearchaeota (DPANN superphylum) to be associated with the human gastrointestinal tract and the human lung, respectively. Similar to bacteria, human-associated archaeal communities were found to group biogeographically, forming (i) the thaumarchaeal skin landscape, (ii) the (methano)euryarchaeal gastrointestinal tract, (iii) a mixed skin-gastrointestinal tract landscape for the nose, and (iv) a woesearchaeal lung landscape. On the basis of the protocols we used, we were able to detect unexpectedly high diversity of archaea associated with different body parts. IMPORTANCE In summary, our study highlights the importance of the primers and data processing pipeline used to study the human archaeome. We were able to establish protocols that revealed the presence of previously undetected Archaea in all of the tissue samples investigated and to detect biogeographic patterns of the human archaeome in the gastrointestinal tract and on the skin and for the first time in the respiratory tract, i.e., the nose and lungs. Our results are a solid basis for further investigation of the human archaeome and, in the long term, discovery of the potential role of archaea in human health and disease. IMPORTANCE In summary, our study highlights the importance of the primers and NGS data processing pipeline used to study the human archaeome. We were able to establish protocols that revealed the presence of previously undetected Archaea in all of the tissue samples investigated and to detect biogeographic patterns of the human archaeome in the gastrointestinal tract, on the skin, and for the first time in the respiratory tract, i.e., the nose and lungs. Our results are a solid basis for further investigation of the human archaeome and, in the long term, discovery of the potential role of archaea in human health and disease.

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