Rubber–Filler Interactions and Network Structure in Relation to Stress–Strain Behavior of Vulcanized, Carbon Black Filled EPDM

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 4887-4900 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Litvinov ◽  
R. A. Orza ◽  
M. Klüppel ◽  
M. van Duin ◽  
P. C. M. M. Magusin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Rubber Filler

Capillary Rheometry of Carbon-Black-Filled Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Capillary rheometry of carbon-black-filled butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers at 125°C was performed over a wide shear rate range. The data were corrected for pressure loss in the barrel and at the capillary entrance, and for the non-Newtonian velocity profile (Rabinowitsch correction). No appreciable effect of pressure on viscosity was observed. The die swell values were very small, 1.1–1.4. This fact and the shape of the plots of shear stress vs. shear rate imply the presence of a particulate structure, which is probably built by carbon black surrounded with bound rubber. Unlike the behavior of raw amorphous elastomers, the steady-shear viscosity, the dynamic complex viscosity, and the viscosity calculated from tensile stress-strain behavior were significantly different from each other. That is, the capillary flow data indicated an alteration of the structure towards strain softening, and the tensile stress-strain behavior showed strain hardening, indicating retention of the structure up to the yield point. In the dynamic measurement, being conducted at very small strain, the structure is least disturbed. With unfilled elastomers essentially the same deformational mechanism was believed to be responsible in these three measurements, because the results can be expressed by a single master curve.

A Method to Resolve the Properties of Individual Phases in Carbon-Black-Loaded Elastomer Blends

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
R. F. Bauer ◽  
A. H. Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Large Deformation ◽  
Polymer Phase ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Stress Behavior ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Deformation Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract Properties of the individual phases in a 70/30 carbon-black-loaded BR/NR blend could be successfully resolved using large deformation stress-strain modelling. Since the dispersed NR phase of the example had a lower modulus than the continuous BR phase, the interaction between the blend phases could be modelled by a simple parallel coupling arrangement. The stress behavior of each individual carbon-black-loaded polymer phase was then determined with respect to strain using a specially derived stress-strain relationship. The blend components also have to be characterized with respect to state-of-cure by empirically establishing how the parameters in the stress-strain relationship vary with respect to cure. The properties of the phases in the blend are then determined by finding the combination of component parameters which precisely reproduce the stress-strain behavior of the blend. In the demonstration example of this paper, there was evidence of a significant amount of curative migration between phases during the vulcanization process.

The Resolution of Elastomer Blend Properties by Stress-Strain Modelling. An Extension of the Model to Carbon-Black-Loaded Elastomers

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bauer ◽  
A. H. Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Elastomer Blend

Abstract The unique stress-strain behavior of a carbon-black-loaded elastomer is due to the presence of a rigid, particulate phase, but also to the interaction of the elastomer chains with the filler. It is postulated that this interaction takes the form of adsorption on the filler-particle surface, which results in trapped entanglements. Upon deformation, the trapped chains are aligned parallel to the axis of stress. Thus, a practical stress-strain relationship could be developed which is capable to model the stress-strain behavior of compounds over the full range of extensions up to break. The analysis of a highly prestrained carbon-black-loaded NR compound in which the entanglement effect had been mechanically destroyed, demonstrated that the “sea-island” (SIP) coupling arrangement is most suitable for accounting for the interaction effect of the elastomer and carbon black. For moderately prestrained carbon-black-loaded NR and BR compounds a good fit of theory to experiment is obtained for a combination of the SIP coupling arrangement and the specially derived stress-strain relationship. Thus, a practical method is available for describing the deformation of carbon-black-loaded elastomers and for the modelling of carbon-black-loaded elastomer blends.

Comparison of Tensile and Shear Behavior of Carbon-Black-Filled Elastomers

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
J. J. Scobbo ◽  
E. R. Harrell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Shear ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Tensile Tester

Abstract Four NBR's and 2 SBR's with 40 phr carbon black and one SBR with 56 phr carbon black were characterized in both tensile stress-strain behavior and small-strain dynamic-shear behavior. The room temperature tensile stress-strain behavior was determined at strain rates of 0.00690, 0.0187, 0.0975, 0.0162, and 0.253 s−1. For dynamic-shear observations, loss and storage moduli were used to calculate the complex viscosity-frequency curve at small deformations and frequencies of 0.1 to 100 rad/s. Also, these data from tensile and shear experiments were compared with previous data from a capillary rheometer, high-speed tensile tester, and oscillatory tensile tester. Strain-time correspondence was found applicable to large-deformation tensile data up to the yield point. The formation of an anisotropic aggregate density in elongational deformation explains the higher viscosity and modulus for tensile behavior relative to small-strain shear behavior at similar conditions. In shear deformation and flow, the formation of an anisotropic density of aggregates does not seem to occur appreciably.

Stress Strain Behavior of Steel Fibre Based Concrete in Compression

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Tantary M.A ◽  
◽  
Upadhyay A ◽  
Prasad J ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Fibre ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior

Compressive Deformation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Conductive Carbon Black Reinforced Microcellular EPDM Vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Mahapatra ◽  
D.K. Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Conductive Carbon Black

Compressive stress-strain properties of unfilled and conductive carbon black (VulcanXC 72) filled oil extended EPDM (keltan 7341A) microcellular vulcanizates were studied as a function of blowing agent (density) and filler loading. With decrease in density, the compressive stress-strain curves for microcellular vulcanizates behaved differently from those of solid vulcanizates. The compressive stress-strain properties were found to be strain rate dependent. The log-log plots of relative density of the microcellular vulcanizates showed a fairly linear correlation with the relative modulus. The compression set at a constant stress increased with decrease in density. The efficiency of energy absorption E, was also studied as a function of filler and blowing agent loading. From the compressive stress-strain plots the efficiency E and the ideality parameter I, were evaluated. These parameters were plotted against stress to obtain maximum efficiency and the maximum ideality region, which will make these materials suitable for cushioning and packaging applications in electronic devices.

Cord/Rubber Material Properties

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Cembrola ◽  
T. J. Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Rubber Layer ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Nonlinear Stress ◽  
Interlaminar Shear ◽  
Mechanics Of Composite Materials

Abstract Recent developments in nonlinear finite element methods (FEM) and mechanics of composite materials have made it possible to handle complex tire mechanics problems involving large deformations and moderate strains. The development of an accurate material model for cord/rubber composites is a necessary requirement for the application of these powerful finite element programs to practical problems but involves numerous complexities. Difficulties associated with the application of classical lamination theory to cord/rubber composites were reviewed. The complexity of the material characterization of cord/rubber composites by experimental means was also discussed. This complexity arises from the highly anisotropic properties of twisted cords and the nonlinear stress—strain behavior of the laminates. Micromechanics theories, which have been successfully applied to hard composites (i.e., graphite—epoxy) have been shown to be inadequate in predicting some of the properties of the calendered fabric ply material from the properties of the cord and rubber. Finite element models which include an interply rubber layer to account for the interlaminar shear have been shown to give a better representation of cord/rubber laminate behavior in tension and bending. The application of finite element analysis to more refined models of complex structures like tires, however, requires the development of a more realistic material model which would account for the nonlinear stress—strain properties of cord/rubber composites.

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