Chemical Modification of Metal Oxide Surfaces in Supercritical CO2:  The Interaction of Supercritical CO2with the Adsorbed Water Layer and the Surface Hydroxyl Groups of a Silica Surface

Langmuir ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (26) ◽  
pp. 7348-7352 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Tripp ◽  
J. R. Combes
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Adsorbed Water ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Metal Oxide Surfaces ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl Groups

Reinforcement of Silicone Rubber by Particulate Silica

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Boonstra ◽  
H. Cochrane ◽  
E. M. Dánnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Rubber ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Interaction Coefficient ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl ◽  
Silanol Groups ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Bound Rubber

Abstract The interaction between fumed silica and silicone elastomer after various treatments of the silica surface has been investigated. The effect of the treatments was determined by measuring bound rubber, an interaction coefficient by means of the oscillating disk rheometer, the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, the morphology of the silica aggregates, and the use of an hydroxyl-terminated silicone rubber. The results indicated that the interaction is much more intensive than in carbon black-hydrocarbon rubber systems. This is demonstrated by much higher bound rubber values (by a factor of 2–3) and a higher interaction coefficient. It is shown that the major effect on this interaction coefficient is the specific interaction by hydrogen bonding, between silica surface silanol groups and the polydimethylsiloxane chain. In this bonding the isolated hydroxyl groups should play the major part. Partial inactivation of these isolated silanol groups leads to improved strength but lower modulus. Maximum inactivation of the surface hydroxyl groups leads to soft compounds with lower tensile strengths and moduli, as well as very low bound rubber. Replacement of surface hydroxyl groups by vinyldimethylsilyl groups did not have the expected activating effect. Apparently the attached vinyldimethylsilyl groups do not form crosslinks with the elastomer chains, so that the overall result of the presence of these groups on the silica surface is a weakening of the interaction with the silicone rubber chains, although to a lesser degree than in the case of trimethylsilyl groups. The interaction between filler surface and polysiloxane can be maximizedby the use of a hydroxyl-terminated elastomer. The terminal groups will react with the silica surface so strongly that the particles act as crosslinks after proper heat treatment and a crosslinked polymer is obtained with a tensile strength of the same level as a peroxide-crosslinked vulcanizate but with higher compression set. At the temperature of the compression set test (175°C) the bonds apparently rearrange so that the permanent deformation is practically 100%. Quantitative data have been presented which prove that breakdown of silica aggregates does occur during mixing in silicone rubber on a two-roll mill.

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