Diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy as a nondestructive analytical technique for polymer implants

1999 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1348-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Brashear ◽  
Douglas R. Flanagan ◽  
Paul E. Luner ◽  
Jeffery J. Seyer ◽  
Mark S. Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Polymer Implants

Quantifying contact force artefact in near infrared spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Timothy Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Photon Propagation ◽  
Superficial Tissues

Transcutaneous near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of muscle requires coupling between the device and the skin. An unfortunate by-product of this coupling is contact force artefact, where the amount of contact force between the device and the skin affects measurements. Contact force artefact is well known, but largely ignored in most NIRS research. We performed preliminary investigations of contact force artefact to quantify tissue behaviour to inform future NIRS designs. Specifically, we conducted three studies on contact force artefact: (i) an experimental investigation of static load at varied levels of contact force and muscle activation, (ii) an experimental investigation of oscillating load at varied levels of contact force and frequency, and (iii) a Monte Carlo simulation of photon propagation through skin, adipose tissue, and muscle. Our results confirmed that contact force artefact is a confounding factor in NIRS muscle measurements because contact force affects measured hemoglobin concentrations in a manner consistent with muscle contractions. Further, the effects of contact force are not altered by muscle contraction and a likely candidate for the mechanism responsible for contact force artefact is the viscoelastic compression of superficial tissues (skin and adipose) during loading. Simulation data suggests that adipose tissue plays a key role in diffuse reflectance of photons, so any compression of the superficial tissues will affect the reflected signal. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms behind contact force artefact, which will, in turn, inform future NIRS device designs.

Interpreting Diffuse Reflectance and Transmittance: A Theoretical Introduction to Absorption Spectroscopy of Scattering Materials

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Dahm ◽  
Kevin Dahm
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflection ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
Father And Son

A jar of sweets may not appear to be a serious introduction to the attempt to progress the understanding of the challenging nature of what is usually termed "diffuse reflection". However, this book by the father and son team of Don and Kevin Dahm is the first such attempt since the famous book by Wendlandt and Hecht some forty year ago. The sweets are not only useful models, they also indicate the desire of the authors to make this a readable and entertaining book as well as a very serious attempt to advance our theoretical understanding of this complex and confusing topic. The Dahms have been developing and advancing a new theory for the last few years. This book brings it together. It explains the nature of reflected radiation and then the problem of finding a mathematical description of it. In their quest, they have rediscovered and used mathematics that was invented by Sir George Strokes in the 1860s! Much of the current use of near infrared spectroscopy utilizes diffuse reflection or transmission. According to Karl Norris "The development of NIR analysis is being restricted by our lack of a theoretical understanding of diffuse reflection" and he should know!

Using near infrared spectroscopy to determine moisture and starch content of corn processing products

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Chen ◽  
Lauren Delaney ◽  
Susan Johnson ◽  
Paige Wendland ◽  
Rogerio Prata
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Analytical Technique

Due to the rapid development of the corn-to-ethanol industry, the demand for process monitoring has led to the gradual substitution of traditional analytical techniques with fast and non-destructive methods such as near infrared spectroscopy. In this study, the feasibility of using Fourier transform–near infrared technology as an analytical tool to predict operational parameters (dry solids, starch, carbohydrate, and ethanol content) was investigated. Corn flour, liquefied mash, fermented mash, and distiller’s dried grains with solubles were selected to represent the feedstock, two intermediate products, and one primary co-product of corn-to-ethanol plants, respectively. Multivariate partial least square calibration models were developed to correlate near infrared spectra to the corresponding analytical values. The validation results indicate that near infrared models can be developed that will predict various parameters accurately (root mean square error of prediction: 0.16–1.14%, residual predictive deviation: 3.0–6.3). Measurement of starch or carbohydrate content in corn flour or distiller’s dried grains with solubles is challenging due to low accuracy of wet chemistry methods as well as sample complexity. The study demonstrated that near infrared spectroscopy, a high-throughput analytical technique, has the potential to replace the enzymatic assay.

Near- versus Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Determination of the Composition of Forages and By-Products

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
By Products

The objective of this work was to explore the relative value of near- and mid-infrared diffused reflectance spectroscopy in determining the composition of forages and by-products. Sixty-seven samples consisting of 15 alfalfa, 16 tall fescue and 15 orchard grass hays, 10 corn stovers and 11 wheat straws at various stages of maturity were examined by diffuse reflectance using a scanning monochromator (1100–2500 nm), a Fourier near infrared spectrometer (10,000–4000 cm−1, 4 and 16 cm−1 resolution, neat and 5% sample in KBr) and a Fourier mid-infrared spectrometer (4000–400 cm−1, 4 and 16 cm−1 resolution, neat and 5% sample in KBr). Samples were analysed chemically and spectroscopically for fibres, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, nitrobenzene oxidation products and various measures of lignin content. The results showed that diffuse mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy can perform as well as, and sometimes better than, diffuse near infrared spectroscopy in determining the composition of forages and by-products. In addition, Fourier near infrared spectroscopy did not perform as well as either near infrared using a scanning monochromator or the Fourier mid-infrared spectrometer. Finally, diluting samples with KBr was not beneficial for either Fourier based determinations. Additional work with more diverse data sets and various Fourier instrument configurations will be needed to further define the limits and usefulness of Fourier transform near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy in the determination of forage and by-product composition.

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