Comparative Thermodynamic Studies of Aqueous Glutaric Acid, Ammonium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride Aerosol at High Humidity⊥

2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (39) ◽  
pp. 9413-9422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Hanford ◽  
Laura Mitchem ◽  
Jonathan P. Reid ◽  
Simon L. Clegg ◽  
David O. Topping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Thermodynamic Studies

scholarly journals Deliquescence and crystallization of ammonium sulfate-glutaric acid and sodium chloride-glutaric acid particles

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Pant ◽  
Abel Fok ◽  
Matthew T. Parsons ◽  
Jackson Mak ◽  
Allan K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Glutaric Acid

scholarly journals Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data – Part II: Application to organic species

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 10881-10924 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Koehler ◽  
S. M. Kreidenweis ◽  
P. J. DeMott ◽  
A. J. Prenni ◽  
C. M. Carrico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Drop Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A method has been developed for using particle hygroscopicity measurements made with a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) to determine water activity as a function of solute weight percent. In Part I, the method was tested for particles composed of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate. Here, we report results for several atmospherically-relevant organic species: glutaric acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid and levoglucosan. Predicted water activities for aqueous dicarboxylic acid solutions are quite similar in some cases to published estimates and the simplified predictions of Köhler theory, while in other cases substantial differences are found, which we attribute primarily to the semivolatile nature of these compounds that makes them difficult to study with the HTDMA. In contrast, estimates of water activity for levoglucosan solutions compare very well with recently-reported measurements and with published data for aqueous glucose and fructose solutions. For all studied species, the critical dry diameters active at supersaturations between 0.2 and 1% that are computed with the HTDMA-derived water activities are generally within the experimental error (~20%) estimated in previously-published direct measurements using cloud condensation nuclei counters. For individual compounds, the variations in reported solution water activity lead to uncertainties in critical dry diameters of 5–25%, not significantly larger than the uncertainty in the direct measurements. To explore the impact of these uncertainties on modeled aerosol-cloud interactions, we incorporate the variations in estimates of solution water activities into the description of hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in an adiabatic parcel model and examine the impact on the predicted drop number concentrations. For the limited set of initial conditions examined here, we find that the uncertainties in critical dry diameters for individual species lead to 0–21% changes in drop number concentration, with the largest effects at high aerosol number concentrations and slow updraft velocities. Ammonium sulfate, malonic acid and glutaric acid have similar activation behavior, while glutaric acid and levoglucosan are somewhat less hygroscopic and lead to lower drop number concentrations; sodium chloride is the most easily activated compound. We explain these behaviors in terms of a parameter that represents compound hygroscopicity, and conclude that this parameter must vary by more than a factor of 2 to induce more than a 15% change in activated drop number concentrations. In agreement with earlier studies, our results suggest that the number concentration of activated drops is more sensitive to changes in the input aerosol size and number concentrations and the applied updraft velocity than to modest changes in the aerosol composition and hygroscopic properties.

scholarly journals Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data - Part II: Application to organic species

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Koehler ◽  
S. M. Kreidenweis ◽  
P. J. DeMott ◽  
A. J. Prenni ◽  
C. M. Carrico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Drop Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A method has been developed for using particle hygroscopicity measurements made with a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) to determine water activity as a function of solute weight percent. In Part I, the method was tested for particles composed of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate. Here, we report results for several atmospherically-relevant organic species: glutaric acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid and levoglucosan. Predicted water activities for aqueous dicarboxylic acid solutions are quite similar in some cases to published estimates and the simplified predictions of Köhler theory, while in other cases substantial differences are found, which we attribute primarily to the semivolatile nature of these compounds that makes them difficult to study with the HTDMA. In contrast, estimates of water activity for levoglucosan solutions compare very well with recently-reported measurements and with published data for aqueous glucose and fructose solutions. For all studied species, the critical dry diameters active at supersaturations between 0.2 and 1% that are computed with the HTDMA-derived water activities are generally within the experimental error (~20%) estimated in previously-published direct measurements using cloud condensation nuclei counters. For individual compounds, the variations in reported solution water activity lead to uncertainties in critical dry diameters of 5-25%, not significantly larger than the uncertainty in the direct measurements. To explore the impact of these uncertainties on modeled aerosol-cloud interactions, we incorporate the variations in estimates of solution water activities into the description of hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in an adiabatic parcel model and examine the impact on the predicted drop number concentrations. For the limited set of initial conditions examined here, we find that the uncertainties in critical dry diameters for individual species lead to 0-21% changes in drop number concentration, with the largest effects at high aerosol number concentrations and slow updraft velocities. Ammonium sulfate, malonic acid and glutaric acid have similar activation behavior, while glutaric acid and levoglucosan are somewhat less hygroscopic and lead to lower drop number concentrations; sodium chloride is the most easily activated compound. We explain these behaviors in terms of a parameter that represents compound hygroscopicity, and conclude that this parameter must vary by more than a factor of 2 to induce more than a 15% change in activated drop number concentrations. In agreement with earlier studies, our results suggest that the number concentration of activated drops is more sensitive to changes in the input aerosol size and number concentrations and the applied updraft velocity than to modest changes in the aerosol composition and hygroscopic properties.

scholarly journals Impact of the particle mixing state on the hygroscopicity of internally mixed sodium chloride-ammonium sulfate single droplets: A theoretical and experimental study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeny A. Tobon ◽  
Danielle El Hajj ◽  
Samantha Seng ◽  
Ferdaous Bengrad ◽  
Myriam Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Particle Mixing ◽  
Secondary Aerosols ◽  
Single Droplets

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the main constituent of sea-salt aerosols. During atmospheric transport, sea-salt aerosols can interact with gases and other particles including secondary aerosols containing ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). This...

scholarly journals A novel tandem differential mobility analyzer with organic vapor treatment of aerosol particles

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joutsensaari ◽  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
M. Vesterinen ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
A. Laaksonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Differential Mobility Analyzer ◽  
Differential Mobility ◽  
Organic Vapor

Abstract. A novel method to characterize the organic composition of aerosol particles has been developed. The method is based on organic vapor interaction with aerosol particles and it has been named an Organic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (OTDMA). The OTDMA method has been tested for inorganic (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and organic (citric acid and adipic acid) particles. Growth curves of the particles have been measured in ethanol vapor and as a comparison in water vapor as a function of saturation ratio. Measurements in water vapor show that sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate as well as citric acid particles grow at water saturation ratios (S) of 0.8 and above, whereas adipic acid particles do not grow at S <  0.96. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, a deliquescence point is observed at S = 0.75 and S = 0.79, respectively. Citric acid particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios already at low saturation ratios and no clear deliquescence point is found. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, no growth can be seen in ethanol vapor at saturation ratios below 0.93. In contrast, for adipic acid particles, the deliquescence takes place at around S = 0.95 in the ethanol vapor. The recrystallization of adipic acid takes place at S < 0.4. Citric acid particles grow in ethanol vapor similarly as in water vapor; the particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios and no stepwise deliquescence is observed. The results show that the working principles of the OTDMA are operational for single-component aerosols. Furthermore, the results indicate that the OTDMA method may prove useful in determining whether aerosol particles contain organic substances, especially if the OTDMA is operated in parallel with a hygroscopicity TDMA, as the growth of many substances is different in ethanol and water vapors.

scholarly journals Liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing organics mixed with ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium nitrate or sodium chloride

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 11723-11734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. You ◽  
L. Renbaum-Wolff ◽  
A. K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

Abstract. As the relative humidity varies from high to low values in the atmosphere, particles containing organic species and inorganic salts may undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The majority of the laboratory work on this subject has used ammonium sulfate as the inorganic salt. In the following we studied liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing organics mixed with the following salts: ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride. In each experiment one organic was mixed with one inorganic salt and the liquid–liquid phase separation relative humidity (SRH) was determined. Since we studied 23 different organics mixed with four different salts, a total of 92 different particle types were investigated. Out of the 92 types, 49 underwent liquid–liquid phase separation. For all the inorganic salts, liquid–liquid phase separation was never observed when the oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio (O : C) &amp;geq; 0.8 and was always observed for O : C < 0.5. For 0.5 &amp;leq; O : C < 0.8, the results depended on the salt type. Out of the 23 organic species investigated, the SRH of 20 organics followed the trend: (NH4)2SO4 &amp;geq; NH4HSO4 &amp;geq; NaCl &amp;geq; NH4NO3. This trend is consistent with previous salting out studies and the Hofmeister series. Based on the range of O : C values found in the atmosphere and the current results, liquid–liquid phase separation is likely a frequent occurrence in both marine and non-marine environments.

scholarly journals Quantitative capabilities of STXM to measure spatially resolved organic volume fractions of mixed organic ∕ inorganic particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1619-1633
Author(s):  
Matthew Fraund ◽  
Tim Park ◽  
Lin Yao ◽  
Daniel Bonanno ◽  
Don Q. Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Nexafs Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Transmission

Abstract. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near-edge X-ray absorption and fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) spectroscopy can be used to characterize the morphology and composition of aerosol particles. Here, two inorganic ∕ organic systems are used to validate the calculation of organic volume fraction (OVF) and determine the level of associated error by using carbon K-edge STXM data at 278, 285.4, 288.6, and 320 eV. Using the mixture of sodium chloride and sucrose as one system and ammonium sulfate and sucrose as another, three solutions were made with 10:1, 1:1, and 1:10 mass ratios (inorganic to organic). The OVFs of the organic-rich aerosols of both systems deviated from the bulk OVF by less than 1%, while the inorganic-rich aerosols deviated by approximately 1 %. Aerosols from the equal mass mixture deviated more (about 4 %) due to thick inorganic regions exceeding the linear range of Beer's law. These calculations were performed after checking the data for poor image alignment, defocusing issues, and particles too thick to be analyzed. The potential for systematic error in the OVF calculation was also tested by assuming the incorrect composition. There is a small (about 0.5 %) OVF difference if the organic is erroneously assumed to be adipic acid rather than the known organic, sucrose. A much larger difference (up to 25 %) is seen if sodium chloride is assumed instead of ammonium sulfate. These results show that the OVF calculations are fairly insensitive to the organic while being much more sensitive to the choice of inorganic.

scholarly journals Destruction of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Formed on CaCO3 Microparticles and the Release of a Protein Included by the Adsorption Method

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Egor V. Musin ◽  
Aleksandr L. Kim ◽  
Sergey A. Tikhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules ◽  
High Level ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The degradation of polyelectrolyte microcapsules formed on protein-free CaCO3 particles consisting of polyallylamine (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and the resulting yield of protein in the presence of various salts of different concentrations, as well as at two pH values, was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy; the protein was incorporated into prepared microcapsules by adsorption. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride (2 M) leads to considerable dissociation of PAH, which is apparently due to the loosening of polyelectrolytes under the action of ionic strength. At the same time, 0.2 M sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate of the same ionic strength (0.1 M) exert less influence on the amount of dissociated polymer. In the case of ammonium sulfate (0.1 M), the effect is due to the competitive binding of sulfate anions to the amino groups of the polyelectrolyte. However, unlike microcapsules formed on CaCO3 particles containing protein, the dissociation of polyelectrolyte from microcapsules formed on protein-free particles increased with increasing temperature. Apparently, a similar effect is associated with the absence of a distinct shell, which was observed on microcapsules formed on protein-containing CaCO3 particles. The high level of the presence of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in the supernatant is explained by the large amount of electrostatically bound protein and the absence of a shell that prevents the release of the protein from the microcapsules. In 2 M NaCl, during the observation period, the amount of the released protein did not exceed 70% of the total protein content in the capsules, in control samples, this value does not exceed 8%, which indicates the predominantly electrostatic nature of protein retention in capsules formed on protein-free CaCO3 particles. The increase in protein yield and peeling of PAH with increasing pH is explained by the proximity of pH 7 to the point of charge exchange of the amino group of polyelectrolyte, as a result of the dissociation of the microcapsule.

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