Effect of Lithium Chloride on the Palisade Layer of the Triton-X-100 Micelle:  Two Sites for Lithium Ions as Revealed by Solvation and Rotational Dynamics Studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 109 (39) ◽  
pp. 18528-18534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumbhakar ◽  
Teena Goel ◽  
Tulsi Mukherjee ◽  
Haridas Pal
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Rotational Dynamics ◽  
Palisade Layer ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Triton X

Inhibition of Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Salts other than Lithium Chloride

Development ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
Richard G. Ham ◽  
Robert E. Eakin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Typical Data ◽  
Enzyme Study

Lallier (1954) has shown that 0·4 M lithium chloride strongly inactivates glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase—a finding which might partially explain some of the developmental changes found in lithium-treated embryos. In an attempt to establish an enzymatic basis for the morphological effects of lithium ion on Hydra which have been observed in this laboratory (Ham & Eakin, 1955), we have repeated the enzyme study with lithium chloride and extended it to include a number of other salts as controls. From typical data (Table 1), it is obvious that the inhibition of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity is in no way a specific effect due to lithium ions. Both sodium chloride and potassium chloride produced a greater inhibition than did lithium chloride. From the various sodium salts tested, it was found that the anion may be of more importance than the cation in determining the degree of inhibition, although the cation also has some effect.

The primary action of lithium chloride on morphogenesis in Lymnaea stagnalis

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-463
Author(s):  
P. F. Elbers
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structure ◽  
Electrostatic Effect ◽  
Primary Action

In Lymnaea stagnalis, as in sea urchins, lithium ions cause disturbances of development, notably exogastrulation and head malformations (Raven, 1942). As the effect of a Li-treatment presents itself only after several hours or days of development, the question was raised of the site and the nature of the primary action of the ion in the egg cells, even though it had never been proved that Li actually enters the cells. The Li effect was described as a coarsening of cytoplasmic structure (Runnström, 1928), a condensation of the cytoplasm, caused by dehydration of certain of its colloidal components (Raven & Roborgh, 1949; Raven & van Zeist, 1950), and as an electrostatic effect on phosphatides located in the cortical layer of the egg (Raven, 1956). The controversy between these hypotheses was the original incentive to study this problem by electron microscopy.

Isotope Effect of Cation Electromigration in Molten Lithium Chloride-Nitrate-Mixtures

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Ljubimov ◽  
Arnold Lundén
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Lithium Isotopes ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Molten Lithium

Abstract Molten mixtures of lithium chloride and nitrate, including the decomposition products nitrite and oxide, were electrolysed at about 600 °C with gaseous electrodes. The relative mobilities of the lithium isotopes were studied. The mass effect (relative difference in mobility divided by relative difference in mass) is 0.063 for a mixture with 20% Cl- and 0.069 for 80% CI-, which both are more than 30% smaller than those interpolated from the isotope effects of pure LiNO3 and LiCl. It is concluded that the lithium ions interact more strongly (with the anions and/or with each other) in a melt containing several anions than in a pure melt. The experiments also yield some information about the mobilities of the anions present in the melt.

SEM of non-coated hepatocellular cytoskeleton of perfused livers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
S.W. French ◽  
N.C. Benson ◽  
C. Davis-Scibienski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Detergent Extraction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Excised Tissue

Previous SEM studies of liver cytoskeletal elements have encountered technical difficulties such as variable metal coating and heat damage which occurs during metal deposition. The majority of studies involving evaluation of the cell cytoskeleton have been limited to cells which could be isolated, maintained in culture as a monolayer and thus easily extracted. Detergent extraction of excised tissue by immersion has often been unsatisfactory beyond the depth of several cells. These disadvantages have been avoided in the present study. Whole C3H mouse livers were perfused in situ with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a modified Jahn's buffer including protease inhibitors. Perfusion was continued for 1 to 2 hours at ambient temperature. The liver was then perfused with a 2% buffered gluteraldehyde solution. Liver samples including spontaneous tumors were then maintained in buffered gluteraldehyde for 2 hours. Samples were processed for SEM and TEM using the modified thicarbohydrazide procedure of Malich and Wilson, cryofractured, and critical point dried (CPD). Some samples were mechanically fractured after CPD.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

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