Synthetic reactions by complex catalysts. XV. Copper(I)-alkyl isocyanide catalyzed dimerization of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl and nitrile compounds

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo. Saegusa ◽  
Yoshihiko. Ito ◽  
Shimpei. Tomita ◽  
Hideo. Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Isocyanide ◽  
Synthetic Reactions ◽  
Alpha Beta

Synthetic reactions by complex catalysts. XII. Copper-catalyzed reaction of isocyanide with alcohol

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1217-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Saegusa ◽  
Yoshihiko Ito ◽  
Shiro Kobayashi ◽  
Kiwami Hirota ◽  
Nobuyuki Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Allyl Alcohol ◽  
Ternary Complex ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Copper Oxides ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Alkyl Isocyanide ◽  
Unsaturated Alcohols ◽  
Synthetic Reactions ◽  
The Difference

The reaction of alkyl isocyanide with alcohol to produce alkyl formimidate requires catalysis by metal compounds. The catalysts are classified into two groups. The first group includes metallic copper, and the oxides of copper (Cu (I) and Cu (II)), silver, and mercury, which induce the isocyanide reactions of various alcohols including saturated and unsaturated alcohols and amino-alcohol. The second group catalysts are the chlorides of copper (Cu (I)), silver, zinc, and cadmium, which cause the reactions of isocyanide only with special alcohols having strong coordinating tendencies toward the catalyst, as being exemplified by allyl alcohol and β-N,N-dimethylaminoethanol. Among these catalysts, metallic copper and copper oxides are the most effective and give the products almost quantitatively. The difference in catalyst activity between the two groups of catalysts has been explained by assuming a ternary complex consisting of the catalyst, isocyanide, and alcohol as the site of reaction.

Phase Transformations in Ti-7w/oMo-3w/oMe Alloy

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
S. Fujishiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Water Quench ◽  
Alpha Beta

The mechanical properties of three titanium alloys (Ti-7Mo-3Al, Ti-7Mo- 3Cu and Ti-7Mo-3Ta) were evaluated as function of: 1) Solutionizing in the beta field and aging, 2) Thermal Mechanical Processing in the beta field and aging, 3) Solutionizing in the alpha + beta field and aging. The samples were isothermally aged in the temperature range 300° to 700*C for 4 to 24 hours, followed by a water quench. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray method were used to identify the phase formed. All three alloys solutionized at 1050°C (beta field) transformed to martensitic alpha (alpha prime) upon being water quenched. Despite this heavily strained alpha prime, which is characterized by microtwins the tensile strength of the as-quenched alloys is relatively low and the elongation is as high as 30%.

Bioavailability of naringenin chalcone in humans after ingestion of cherry tomatoes

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Kolot ◽  
Ana Rodriguez-Mateos ◽  
Rodrigo Feliciano ◽  
Katharina Bottermann ◽  
Wilhelm Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Thiol Groups ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Active Molecule ◽  
Reactive Center ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Cherry Tomatoes

Abstract. Chalcones are a type of flavonoids characterized by an α-β unsaturated structural element which may react with thiol groups to activate pathways such as the Nrf2-Keap-1 system. Naringenin chalcone is abundant in the diet but little is known about its bioavailability. In this work, the bioavailability of naringenin chalcone from tomatoes was investigated in a group of healthy men (n=10). After ingestion of 600 grams of tomatoes providing a single dose of 17.3 mg naringenin chalcone, 0.2 mg of naringenin, and 195 mg naringin plasma levels of free and conjugated naringenin and naringenin chalcone (glucuronide and sulfate) were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS at 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h post-consumption. Plasma levels of conjugated naringenin increased to about 12 nmol/L with a maximum at about 3 h. Concentrations of free naringenin hardly elevated above baseline. Plasma levels of free and conjugated naringenin chalcone significantly increased. A maximum of the conjugated chalcone was reached at about 3 h after ingestion with an average concentration of about 0.5 nmol/L. No free chalcone was detectable at baseline but low amounts of the unconjugated compound could be detected with an average maximum of 0.8 nmol/L at about 1 h after ingestion. The data demonstrate that naringenin chalcone is bioavailable in humans from cherry tomatoes as a dietary source. However, availability is poor and intramolecular cyclisation as well as extended metabolism likely contribute to the inactivation of the reactive alpha-beta unsaturated reactive center as well as the excretion of the biologically active molecule, respectively.

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