Effect of Organic Acids and Nitrogen Source on Alcoholic Fermentation:  Study of Their Buffering Capacity

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 916-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Torija ◽  
Gemma Beltran ◽  
Maite Novo ◽  
Montse Poblet ◽  
Nicolas Rozès ◽  
...  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne C. Prins ◽  
Sonja Billerbeck

Abstract Background Fungi are premier hosts for the high-yield secretion of proteins for biomedical and industrial applications. The stability and activity of these secreted proteins is often dependent on the culture pH. As yeast acidifies the commonly used synthetic complete drop-out (SD) media that contains ammonium sulfate, the pH of the media needs to be buffered in order to maintain a desired extracellular pH during biomass production. At the same time, many buffering agents affect growth at the concentrations needed to support a stable pH. Although the standard for biotechnological research and development is shaken batch cultures or microtiter plate cultures that cannot be easily automatically pH-adjusted during growth, there is no comparative study that evaluates the buffering capacity and growth effects of different media types across pH-values in order to develop a pH-stable batch culture system. Results We systematically test the buffering capacity and growth effects of a citrate-phosphate buffer (CPB) from acidic to neutral pH across different media types. These media types differ in their nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, urea or both). We find that the widely used synthetic drop-out media that uses ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source can only be effectively buffered at buffer concentrations that also affect growth. At lower concentrations, yeast biomass production still acidifies the media. When replacing the ammonium sulfate with urea, the media alkalizes. We then develop a medium combining ammonium sulfate and urea which can be buffered at low CPB concentrations that do not affect growth. In addition, we show that a buffer based on Tris/HCl is not effective in maintaining any of our media types at neutral pH even at relatively high concentrations. Conclusion Here we show that the buffering of yeast batch cultures is not straight-forward and addition of a buffering agent to set a desired starting pH does not guarantee pH-maintenance during growth. In response, we present a buffered media system based on an ammonium sulfate/urea medium that enables relatively stable pH-maintenance across a wide pH-range without affecting growth. This buffering system is useful for protein-secretion-screenings, antifungal activity assays, as well as for other pH-dependent basic biology or biotechnology projects.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhao ◽  
F. Zhou ◽  
P. Dziugan ◽  
Y. Yao ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
...  

The effect of malolactic fermentation (MLF) on the flavour quality of cider was examined. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Z25 was used to start MLF taking place at 25°C for 12 days after the completion of alcoholic fermentation (AF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strain Z25 showed good activity in starting MLF of cider with 10% alcoholic concentration. The content of malic acid, whose high concentration gives negative organoleptic characteristics to the cider, dropped significantly from 4.0 g/l to 0.25 g/l via MLF. The concentration of lactic acid increased significantly from 0.99 g/l to 3.50 g/l, contributing to volatile acidity. The acetic acid content of the ciders was 0.74 g/l. Among 51 volatile compounds detected by GC-MS, higher alcohols, esters, and carbonyl compounds were formed in ciders through MLF. The total concentration of aromatic substances doubled compared to the controls. The occurrence of MLF started by strain Z25 enabled the cider containing more volatile compounds and an acceptable adjustment of organic acids. This is the first report on using L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides strain Z25 to start the MLF of apple wine improving the flavour quality of the cider produced.  


2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Martínez-Moreno ◽  
Pilar Morales ◽  
Ramon Gonzalez ◽  
Albert Mas ◽  
Gemma Beltran

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo C. Matsudo ◽  
Raquel P. Bezerra ◽  
Attilio Converti ◽  
Sunao Sato ◽  
João Carlos M. Carvalho

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Gerzhikova ◽  
Nadezhda Anikina ◽  
Dmitry Pogorelov ◽  
Marianna Ermikhina ◽  
Lilia Mikheyeva ◽  
...  

Результаты исследований последних лет показывают, что внесение воды в сусло или вино нарушает баланс ионов, изменяет значения физико-химических, органолептических и интегральных показателей. Одним из наиболее важных показателей, позволяющих установить добавку воды, является буферная емкость вина (БЕ). Буферная емкость вина представляет собой его способность противостоять изменениям рН после добавления сильной кислоты или основания. Сила кислоты характеризуется константой диссоциации. Её отрицательный логарифм pKa означает значение рН, при котором соотношение недиссоциированной и диссоциированной по I ступени форм кислоты составляет 1:1. Нами модифицирован метод определения буферной емкости, основанный на результатах ацидиметрического (БЕк) и алкалиметрического (БЕщ) титрования вина, с помощью которого можно оценить степень диссоциации органических кислот, соотношение их молекулярных и ионизированных форм, состояние ионов металлов, способность регулировать скорость химических реакций окисления и восстановления. В работе были использованы подлинные сухие белые и красные виноматериалы, полученные в условиях микровиноделия и производства в сезоны виноделия 2017-2018 гг. из винограда сортов Алиготе, Шардоне, Совиньон зеленый, Кокур белый, Каберне-Совиньон, Мерло, Санджовезе. Для изучения влияния разбавления виноматериалов водопроводной водой проводили ее добавку в количестве 10-70 %. Объем выборки составил 131 образец. Разбавление вина водой - это смешивание двух систем, одна из которых (вино) представляет собой раствор, содержащий органические кислоты и их кислые соли, обладающий рН и буферностью. Вода содержит соли жесткости, обусловливающие ее рН, но не обладает буферностью, соизмеримой по величине с той, которая встречается в винопродукции. Изучены некоторые характеристики смеси вина и воды: значение соотношений кислотной и щелочной составляющих буферной емкости, при которых буферные свойства системы меняют свой характер, что соответствует 70 % разбавлению; описаны математические модели процесса внесения воды в вино, позволяющие определить значения в любой точке разбавления, в том числе в контроле. Систематизация всей выборки позволила разделить образцы на два кластера, детерминирующие подлинные и разбавленные вина по показателю буферных свойств (ПБС), установлены значения показателя буферных свойств системы для подлинных (50-80) и разбавленных (80-100) вин.Studies of recent years demonstrate that introduction of water into must or wine upsets the balance of ions, changes the values of physico-chemical, organoleptic and integral indicators. One of the most important indicators to establish the addition of water is the buffering capacity of wine (BC). Buffering capacity of wine is its ability to resist changes in pH after addition of a strong acid or base. Acid strength is characterized by dissociation constant. Its negative pKa logarithm means pH value at which the non-dissociated and dissociated by stage I acid forms ratio is 1: 1. We have modified the method for buffer capacity determination based on acidimetric and alkalimetric wine titration results, which can be used to assess organic acids dissociation degree, the ratio between their molecular and ionized forms, the state of metal ions, the ability to control the chemical oxidation reactions and recovery rate. In our work we used genuine dry white and red base wines obtained in conditions of micro-winemaking and production during the wine-making seasons of 2017-2018 from grapevine cultivars ‘Aligote’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Sauvignon verde’, ‘Kokur Belyi’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Sangiovese’. To study the effect of base wines dilution with tap water, it was added in the amount of 10-70%. The sample size made 131 samples. Dilution of wine with water is the mixing of two systems, one of which (wine) is a solution containing organic acids and their acid salts, possessing a pH and buffering capacity. Water contains hardness salts that determine its pH, but does not possess buffering capacity comparable in quantity to that found in wine products. Certain characteristics of wine-water mixture were studied: the ratio between the acidic and alkaline components of the buffering capacity at which the buffering properties of the system change their nature, which corresponds to 70% dilution; mathematical models of the process of water introduction into wine were described, allowing to determine the values at any point of dilution, including the control. The entire sample systematization allowed dividing samples into two clusters, determining genuine and diluted wines by buffering property index (PBI); the system buffering property values for genuine (50-80) and diluted (80-100) wines were established.


1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mroz ◽  
A. Jongbloed ◽  
K. Partanen ◽  
J. van Diepen ◽  
K. Vreman ◽  
...  

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Ruhl

Fruiting Sultana vines grown under glasshouse conditions were supplied with 2 K+ levels (0.05 or 0.15 g K+/week) and fertilised with either NH4+ [as (NH4)2SO4] or NO3- [as Ca(NO3)2] as a nitrogen source. Enhanced K+ supply (0.15 g/week) increased K+ concentration in laminae by 1896, in petioles by 59% and in stems by 23%, and reduced Mg2+ of laminae and petioles by 18 and 24% respectively, while Ca2+ was not effected. K+ supply had no effect on tartrate or malate concentration in laminae, stem or roots. Use of NO3- instead of NH4+ as a nitrogen source led to 220% higher citrate and 168% higher malate concentrations in laminae. In roots NO3- supply caused 61% higher citrate, 41% higher tartrate and 26% higher malate concentrations. Higher K+ fertilisation (0.15 g/week) had no effect on fruit yield or sugar content, but increased grape juice pH from 3.95 to 4.08, malate concentration from 0.94 to 1.20 g/ L and K+ concentration from 46.8 to 56.8 mmol/L, thereby causing lower grape juice quality.


Author(s):  
Marcellin Koffi Djè ◽  
Kouadio Florent N'Guessan ◽  
Theodore N'Dede Djeni ◽  
Thomas Adjehi Dadie

The production of tchapalo remains more or less an empirical process. For the improvement of the product quality, there is a need of more knowledge on this traditional process and the beer characteristics. The alcoholic fermentation is one of the most steps which most determines the quality of the beer. In this study, the characteristics of the traditional starter and the evolution of temperature, ethanol, sugars and organic acids were assessed at small-scale production during alcoholic fermentation of tchapalo. Brewers used traditional starter at the rate of 0.76-0.88 % when it was dried or at 2.38 % when it was not. When the wort was at 36.6-39.3 °C, the starter was added to initiate the fermentation. Temperature decreased to 34.6-36.5 °C at the end of the fermentation which was concluded after 7.6 h to 8.4 h. Sugars were consumed during the fermentation but it remained 12.9 to 16.57 g/L of reducing sugars and 8.02 to 9.12 °Brix of TSS in the final product. Ethanol content increased from 0.02-0.35 % (v/v) in the wort to 3.5-4.59 % in the beer. The oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, fumaric and propionic acids were found in the wort and in tchapalo and increased or decreased during fermentation differently from one site to another. But, the acetic acid was not always detected in both the wort and the beer.


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