Measurement of contact angles encountered during distillation of binary liquids on a copper surface

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Boyes ◽  
A. B. Ponter
Keyword(s):  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Binary Liquids

Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of Water on Hydrophilic Surfaces With Different Wettability

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Girard ◽  
Jinsub Kim ◽  
Seung M. You
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Pool Boiling ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Copper Surfaces ◽  
Nanoscale Structures ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Hydrophilic Surfaces ◽  
Alkali Solutions

The effect of wettability on boiling heat transfer (BHT) coefficient and critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling of water on hydrophilic surfaces having different contact angles was investigated. Hot alkali solutions were utilized to promote cupric and cuprous oxide growth which exhibited micro and nanoscale structures on copper surfaces, with thicknesses on the order of a couple of micrometers. These structure and surface energy variations result in different levels of wettability and roughness while maintaining the effusivity of the bare copper surface. The study showed that the BHT coefficient has an inverse relationship to wettability; the BHT coefficient decreases as wettability increases. Furthermore, it was shown that this dependency between BHT coefficient and wettability is more significant than the relationship between BHT coefficient and surface roughness. The CHF was also found to increase with increases in wettability and roughness. For the most hydrophilic surface tested in this study, CHF values were recorded near the 2,000 kW/m2 mark. This value is compared with maximum values reported in literature for water on non-structured flat surfaces without area enhancements. Based on these results it is postulated that there exists a true hydrodynamic CHF limit for pool boiling with water on flat surfaces, very near 2,000 kW/m2, independent of heater material, representing an 80% increase in the limit suggested by Zuber [1].

Bubble Formation on Superhydrophobic Micropatterns

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwei Wang ◽  
Siwei Zhao ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Tingrui Pan
Keyword(s):  
Superhydrophobic Surface ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Bare Copper

In this paper, boiling phenomena on a copper surface coated with superhydrophobic micropatterns have been investigated. The micropatterns consisted of chemically inert nanoparticles (PTFE) were in square patterns 180 μm on each side with contact angles above 150° for the superhydrophobic behavior. Boiling experiments were conducted on the patterned copper surface with or without degassing treatment prior to heating, from which bubbles were found to form only on the superhydrophobic sites. As controlled experiments, a uniformly-coated superhydrophobic surface as well as a bare copper surface was also tested in comparison.

Effect of Wettability on Pool Boiling Incipience in Saturated Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsub Kim ◽  
Seongchul Jun ◽  
Jungho Lee ◽  
Seong Hyuk Lee ◽  
Seung M. You
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pool Boiling ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Al2o3 Nanoparticles ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Boiling Incipience ◽  
Coated Surface ◽  
Bare Surface

Three different copper surfaces - bare, Al2O3 nano-coated, and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated - are prepared and tested to examine the effect of wettability on the pool boiling incipience in saturated water at 1 atm. A copper surface is coated with Al2O3 particles ranging 25~43 nm in diameter by immersing the surface in Al2O3/ethanol nanofluid (1g/l) and boiled for 3 min. SEM image in Fig. 1 shows the coated Al2O3 nanoparticles on the copper surface, together with the reference bare surface. PTFE coating is also applied to the copper surface using spin coating method with the mixture of Dupont AF 2400 particles and 3M FC-40 solvent. The final coating thickness of the PTFE coating is estimated to be 30 nm. The three surfaces exhibit different static contact angles, 78° (bare), 28° (nano-coated), and 120° (PTFE coated) in Fig. 2, respectively. Wettability affects the boiling incipience heat flux where initial bubble nucleation starts: 15 kW/m2 for the bare surface; 30 kW/m2 for the nano-coated surface; and 2.5 kW/m2 for the PTFE coated surface. Captured images from the high speed camera at 2,000 fps show significantly different bubble shapes and departure frequencies in Fig. 3. During the bubble growth, advancing contact angles are captured and shown qualitatively and found consistent with their static angle measurements for the sessile droplet observed at each surface. The larger bubble is generated on the nano-coated surface compared to that of the bare surface because improved wetting makes promising cavities flood and thus incipience is delayed, resulting in higher superheat. The single bubble life cycle appears to be much longer on the PTFE coated surface due to the increase of the contact angle which becomes hydrophobic (> 90°), resulting in lower bubble departure frequency. Successive tests at the same heat flux of 30 kW/m2 confirmed that life cycle on the PTFE coated surface (88.5 ms) is consistently longer than that on the bare surface (16.5 ms) and nano-coated surface (20 ms).

The Relation between Contact Angle and Drop Size for Water at its Boiling Point for a Pressure Range 50–760 Torr

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (15) ◽  
pp. 2419-2422 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Ponter ◽  
A. P. Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Drop Diameter ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
Water Drops

Contact angles have been measured using water drops of specified sizes, and in equilibrium with their vapor only, at their boiling point when residing on a copper surface at pressures ranging from 50–760 Torr.No appreciable change of contact angle with drop diameter was evident for sizes of 0.5 cm or more, but below this value the angles were dependent on the drop diameter, the effect of reducing pressure being to increase the dependency. The phenomenon is qualitatively explained in terms of gravity and surface roughness influences.

Controlled Contact Angle and Droplet Evaporation Using Photo-Induced Hydrophilic Surface

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Takata ◽  
S. Hidaka ◽  
T. Nakamura ◽  
H. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Masuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tio2 Surface ◽  
Hydrophilic Surface ◽  
Tio2 Layer ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Ultraviolet Ray

Abstract Titanium Dioxide, TiO2, is one of the photocatalysts that has a very unique characteristic. The surface coated with TiO2 exhibits extremely high affinity for water by exposing the surface to ultraviolet ray and the contact angle decreases nearly to zero. On the contrary, the contact angle increases when the surface is shielded from ultraviolet ray. We have developed two types of TiO2 surface by sputtering process. One is the copper surface with TiO2 layer and the other is with TiO2 and SiO2 layer. The contact angle of the former varies between 30–82° and the latter varies between 4–13°. We applied these surfaces to control the contact angles with the other thermal properties of the surface being constant. Experiment of droplet evaporation has been performed to manifest the effect of contact angle on the evaporation curves. It is found that the wetting limit temperature increases as the contact angle decreases to 13°, but it decreases again as the contact angle decreases to 4°.

Frosting Characteristics on Hydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Copper Surfaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Ho Jeong ◽  
Jae Bin Lee ◽  
Seong Hyuk Lee ◽  
Jungho Lee ◽  
Seung Mun You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Copper Substrate ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Film Condensation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Copper Surfaces ◽  
Static Contact ◽  
Temperature Detector ◽  
Bare Copper

The main objective of this study is to examine the frosting characteristics affected by the surface wettability. Two different copper surfaces – bare and nano structured - were prepared for the experiments. Their static contact angles are 74° (bare: without surface treatment) and 154° (nano-structured), respectively. The temperature of the copper substrate was measured by using resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensors embedded inside small holes drilled at 1 mm underneath the surface. During the phase change, the temperature of the copper substrates remained -7.8±0.6°C and the ambient temperature was set as 24±0.5°C with the relative humidity of 45%. Images were captured by using the CMOS camera with the 5 second time interval. Film condensation occurred because of higher wettability of the bare copper surface. Film condensates were frozen at the early stage and frost crystal grew in the vertical direction. On the other hand, dropwise condensates formed on the nano-structured copper surface remained as the supercooled liquid phase for 44 minutes owing to its low wettability. After 4 minutes, frosting on the bare copper substrate was triggered and propagated until it covered the whole surface. The frosting was significantly delayed on the superhydrophobic copper surface due to the lower surface free energy. The different porous media composed of frost which directly influence the heat transfer characteristics was formed on each surfaces. Therefore, additional investigation for heat transfer phenomenon on superhydrophobic surface should be conducted.

Contact angles of binary liquids and their interpretation

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Li ◽  
C. Ng ◽  
A.W. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angles ◽  
Binary Liquids

Flexographic ink-coating interactions: effects of latex variations in coating layers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK BOHLIN ◽  
CAISA JOHANNSON ◽  
MAGNUS LESTELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angles ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Mixed Composition ◽  
Coating Surface ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Surface Optical ◽  
Flexographic Printing ◽  
Coating Formulation

The effect of coating structure variations on flexographic print quality was studied using pilot-coated paperboard samples with different latex content and latex particle sizes. Two latexes, with particle sizes of 120 nm and 160 nm, were added at either 12 parts per hundred (pph) or 18 pph to the coating formulation. The samples were printed with full tone areas at print forces of 25 N and 50 N in a laboratory flexographic printing press using a waterbased ink. A high ratio of uncovered areas (UCAs) could be detected for the samples that contained 18 pph latex printed at a print force of 25 N. UCAs decreased with increased print force and with decreased amounts of latex in the coating formulation. The fraction of latex covered area on the coating surface was estimated to be 0.35–0.40 for the 12 pph, and 0.70–0.75 for the 18 pph samples. The ink penetration depth into the coating layer could be linked to the fraction of latex-free areas on the coating surface. Optical cross section microscopy indicated that a higher printing force did not increase the depth of penetrated ink to any greater extent. Higher printing force did increase contact between plate and substrate, leading to an improved distribution of the ink. This, in turn, increased print density and decreased UCAs. On closer inspection, the UCAs could be categorized as being induced by steep topographic changes. When appearing at other locations, they were more likely to be caused by poor wetting of the surface. To understand the wetting behavior of the coating surface, observed contact angles were compared with calculated contact angles on surfaces of mixed composition.

Influence of Polymer Charge, Temperature, and Surfactants on Surface Sizing of Liner and Greaseproof Paper With Hydrophobically Modified Starch

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA JONHED ◽  
LARS JÄRNSTRÖM
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified ◽  
Paper Sizing ◽  
Surface Sizing ◽  
Separation Temperature ◽  
Hydrophobic Nature ◽  
Sizing Agents ◽  
Charge Temperature

The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of hydrophobically modified (HM) quaterna-ry ammonium starch ethers for paper sizing. These starches possess temperature-responsive properties; that is, gelation or phase separation occurs at a certain temperature upon cooling. This insolubility of the HM starches in water at room temperature improved their performance as sizing agents. The contact angles for water on sized liner were substantially larger than on unsized liner. When the application temperature was well above the critical phase-separation temperature, larger contact angles were obtained for liner independently of pH compared with those at the lower application temperature. Cobb60 values for liner decreased upon surface sizing, with a low pH and high application temperature giving lower water penetration. Contact angles on greaseproof paper decreased upon sur-face sizing as compared to unsized greaseproof paper, independently of pH and temperature. Greaseproof paper showed no great difference between unsized substrates and substrates sized with HM starch at different pH. This is probably due to the already hydrophobic nature of greaseproof paper. However, the Cobb60 values increased at low pH and low application temperature. Surfactants were added to investigate how they affect the sized surface. Addition of surfactant reduces the contact angles, in spite of indications of complex formation.

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