Rate Constants for Reactions between Iodine- and Chlorine-Containing Species:  A Detailed Mechanism of the Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorite-Iodide Reaction†

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (15) ◽  
pp. 3708-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Lengyel ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Kenneth Kustin ◽  
Irving R. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Detailed Mechanism

The Effect of Killing Algae with Chlorine Dioxide and Reaction Kinetics

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1398-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Xiu Li ◽  
De Jun Zhao ◽  
Wen Qin Xia ◽  
Xiu Li Yuan ◽  
Bao Hong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Reaction Orders

The effects of killing Chlamydomonas, Microcystis Aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis, Chlorella and Tetraedron by chlorine dioxide were studied. The reaction orders and rate constants of algae oxidated by chlorine dioxide were determined. The results show that these algae can be killed effectively by chlorine dioxide in raw water. the efficiencies of killing Microcystis Aeruginosa, Tetraedron and Cylindrospermopsis are 89.44%～92.48% during 10 to 15 Minutes. The efficiency of killing Chlamydomonas is high to 98.26%, but the efficiency of killing Chlorella is low, only 60.90%. The reaction orders for various algae are different. The reaction orders of Chlamydomonas, Microcystis Aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis, Chlorella and Tetraedron are 1.3, 2, 2.5, 6 and 2, respectively. The apparent rate constants are 2.1×10-3 μg-0.3L 0.3s-1, 5.6×10-3μg -1Ls -1, 8.3×10-4μg -1.5L 1.5s -1, 1.0×10-5μg -5 L 5s -1 and 3.8×10-3 μg -1Ls -1 , respectively.

The flash photolysis of chlorine monoxide

1957 ◽  
Vol 243 (1232) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Flash Photolysis ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Chlorine Monoxide

The flash photolysis of chlorine monoxide in a large excess of inert gas yields chlorine and oxygen, the normal products of photolysis, accompanied by measurable quantities of the ClO radical as an intermediate. The normal and chlorine-sensitized decompositions of chlorine monoxide are studied and a reaction scheme is proposed for the system which has the character of a short-chain reaction with CIO and CI acting as chain carriers. By a study of the decay of the CIO radical and the formation of chlorine dioxide, rate constants are derived for the CIO decay, the production of chlorine dioxide and the straight-chain decomposition of chlorine monoxide by the CIO radical.

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with propylene

1971 ◽  
Vol 324 (1559) ◽  
pp. 433-446 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Excited Species

A detailed study has been made of the products of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with propylene. A discharge-flow system at 290±3 K was used. Total pressures in the range 4 to 16 Torr (550 to 2200 N m -2 ) of argon were used and the flow rates of hydrogen atoms and propylene ranged individually up to about 12 μ mol s -1 . As found by others the main products are methane, ethane, ethylene, propane and isobutane. Trivial amounts of 2,3-dimethylbutane, but no n-butane, were detected. A detailed mechanism accounting adequately for the reaction is proposed. It is confirmed that formation of the vibrationally excited species, i-C 3 H 7 *, is the predominant primary process. Novel processes which are shown to be important are H+i-C 3 H 7 * → CH 3 +C 2 H 5 and, C 3 H 8 * → CH 4 +C 2 H 4 . A number of rate constant ratios have been evaluated from the data and these allow calculation of absolute rate constants of some individual reactions. The agreement with previously reported values is, in most instances, good.

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with isobutene

1971 ◽  
Vol 324 (1559) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Product Distributions ◽  
Excited Species

A detailed study has been made of the products of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with isobutene in a discharge flow reaction system at 290±3 K. Total pressures in the range 4 to 12 Torr (550 to 1650 N m -2 ) of argon were used and flow rates of hydrogen atoms and isobutene ranged individually up to about 10 μ mol s -1 . The main products were methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, isobutane and neopentane. A detailed mechanism accounting adequately for the observed product distributions and their dependence upon pressure and reactant mixture composition is proposed. The formation of the vibrationally excited species t-C 4 H 9 * is shown to be the predominant primary process. A number of rate constant ratios have been evaluated and absolute rate constants for some individual reactions have been estimated from the data. Some of the details of an earlier analogous study of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with propylene have been confirmed and some interesting correlations are indicated.

Reactions of halogen oxides studied by flash photolysis. I. The flash photolysis of chlorine dioxide

1971 ◽  
Vol 323 (1552) ◽  
pp. 29-68 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Flash Photolysis ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Chlorine Monoxide ◽  
Vibrational Levels ◽  
Halogen Oxides ◽  
Excited Oxygen

The production and decay of the CIO radical and of vibrationally excited oxygen following the isothermal flash photolysis of chlorine dioxide has been studied. From their dependence on flash energy and from the effects of added chlorine, oxygen and chlorine monoxide on the system, the following mechanism and rate constants are proposed: CIO 2 + hv → CIO + O 2CIO → CI 2 + O 2 K 1 = 2.7 x 10 7 l mol -1 s -1 O + CIO 2 → CIO + O 2 * ( v " ≼ 15) k 3 = 3.0 x 10 10 l mol -1 s -1 O + CIO → CI + O 2 * ( v " ≼ 14) k 4 = 7.0 x 10 9 l mol -1 s -1 CIO (CIO 2 ) + O 2 * ( v " = n ) → CIO (CIO 2 ) + O 2 * ( v " < n ) k 10 ( v " = 12) = 2 x 10 8 l mol -1 s -1 CI + O 2 * ( v " = n ) → CI + O 2 * ( v " < n ) k 11 ( v " = 12) = 7 x 10 9 l mol -1 s -1 O + O 2 * ( v " = n ) → O + O 2 * ( v " < n ) k 12 ( v " = 12) = 2 x 10 10 l mol -1 s -1 O + Cl 2 O → 2CIO k 6 = 5.2 x 10 9 l mol -1 s -1 The rate constants k 10 , k 11 and k 12 for O 2 * (v" = 6) and the relative values of k 3 for various vibrational levels have also been measured. Studies of the flash photolysis of mixtures of chlo­rine monoxide and chlorine dioxide and of chlorine and oxygen have yielded values of k 1 in agreement with that given above. The extinction coefficients of the CIO radical at 257.7, 277.2 and 292 nm were found to be 1150, 1700 and 1050 l mol -1 cm -1 respectively.

scholarly journals Reactions of Chlorine Dioxide with Organic Compounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.M. Ganiev ◽  
Q.K. Timergazin ◽  
N.N. Kabalnova ◽  
V.V. Shereshovets ◽  
G.A. Tolstikov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oxidation Of Organic Compounds ◽  
Number Of Publications

<p>Data on the reactivity of chlorine dioxide with organic compounds from various classes are summarized. Early investigations of the reactions of chlorine dioxide were occurred in aqueous or predominantly aqueous solutions in general, because it used in drinking water treatment and in industry as bleaching agent. However, chlorine dioxide was not used widely as reagent in organic synthesis. In last decades the number of publications on the studying interaction of the chlorine dioxide in organic medium increased. In table presented the rate constants reactions of chlorine dioxide with organic compounds published through 2004. Most of the rate constants were determined spectrophotometrically by decay kinetics of chlorine dioxide at 360 nm. Chlorine dioxide may be used for oxidation of organic compounds, because chlorine dioxide is enough reactive and selective as an oxidant with a wide range of organic compounds based on these reaction rate constants. But the application of chlorine dioxide as reagent in organic synthesis is restrained by the lack of data on the kinetics and mechanism of reactions involving chlorine dioxide, as well as data on the product yields and composition, temperature and solvent effects, and catalysts. The pathways of products formation and probable mechanisms of reactions are discussed in the review.</p>

Anisotropy of interfacial defects in the initial stage of MOVPE GaAs growth On Si

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
C. Vannuffel ◽  
C. Schiller ◽  
J. P. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Threading Dislocations ◽  
Mbe Growth ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Interfacial Defects ◽  
Interfacial Dislocations ◽  
Step Growth ◽  
Essential Problem

Recently, interest has focused on the epitaxy of GaAs on Si as a promising material for electronic applications, potentially for integration of optoelectronic devices on silicon wafers. The essential problem concerns the 4% misfit between the two materials, and this must be accommodated by a network of interfacial dislocations with the lowest number of threading dislocations. It is thus important to understand the detailed mechanism of the formation of this network, in order to eventually reduce the dislocation density at the top of the layers.MOVPE growth is carried out on slightly misoriented, (3.5°) from (001) towards , Si substrates. Here we report on the effect of this misorientation on the interfacial defects, at a very early stage of growth. Only the first stage, of the well-known two step growth process, is thus considered. Previously, we showed that full substrate coverage occured for GaAs thicknesses of 5 nm in contrast to MBE growth, where substantially greater thicknesses are required.

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