Design and Construction of Higher-Order Structure and Function in Proteinosome-Based Protocells

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (25) ◽  
pp. 9225-9234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Avinash J. Patil ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Stephen Mann
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Design And Construction

scholarly journals Two dynamically distinct circuits driving inhibition in sensory thalamus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa I. Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Bettina Voelcker ◽  
Julia B. Zaltsman ◽  
Saundra L. Patrick ◽  
Tanya R. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
And Function

AbstractMost sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One powerful means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) that regulate flow of those data3-6. Despite enduring recognition of its importance7-9, understanding of TRN cell types, their organization, and their functional properties has lagged that of the thalamocortical systems they control.Here we address this, investigating somatosensory and visual circuits of the TRN. In the somatosensory TRN we observed two groups of genetically defined neurons that are topographically segregated, physiologically distinct, and connect reciprocally with independent thalamocortical nuclei via dynamically divergent synapses. Calbindin-expressing cells, located in the central core, connect with the ventral posterior nucleus (VP), the primary somatosensory thalamocortical relay. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing cells, residing along the surrounding edges of TRN, synapse with the posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POM), a higher-order structure that carries both top-down and bottom-up information10-12. The two TRN cell groups process their inputs in pathway-specific ways. Synapses from VP to central TRN cells transmit rapid excitatory currents that depress deeply during repetitive activity, driving phasic spike output. Synapses from POM to edge TRN cells evoke slower, less depressing excitatory currents that drive more persistent spiking. Differences in intrinsic physiology of TRN cell types, including state-dependent bursting, contribute to these output dynamics. Thus, processing specializations of two somatosensory TRN subcircuits appear to be tuned to the signals they carry—a primary central subcircuit to discrete sensory events, and a higher-order edge subcircuit to temporally distributed signals integrated from multiple sources. The structure and function of visual TRN subcircuits closely resemble those of the somatosensory TRN. These results provide fundamental insights about how subnetworks of TRN neurons may differentially process distinct classes of thalamic information.

Linker histone function in chromatin: Dual mechanisms of action

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe T Georgel ◽  
Jeffrey C Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Linker Histone ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Linker Histones ◽  
And Function

Aspects pertaining to linker histone structure and function are discussed, including the extent to which these proteins are essential, their ability to regulate specific gene expression, and recent structural data that provides a potential molecular basis for understanding how linker histones can have both repressive and stimulatory effects on genomic functions in vivo.Key words: chromatin, linker histone, higher-order folding.

scholarly journals Mapping higher-order relations between brain structure and function with embedded vector representations of connectomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Rosenthal ◽  
František Váša ◽  
Alessandra Griffa ◽  
Patric Hagmann ◽  
Enrico Amico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vector Representations

Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Brain Structure and Function

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-121
Author(s):  
Randi Melissa Schuster ◽  
Jodi Gilman ◽  
A. Eden Evins
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Neurocognitive Outcomes ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

The nature, severity, and persistence of effects of cannabis use on the structure and function of the developing adolescent brain is an active area of research. This chapter will review what is known about these relationships during adolescence (i.e., the time between initiation of sexual maturation and completion of higher-order cognitive development; i.e., ages 10–24). In general, the authors find that cannabis has a negative association with neurocognition beyond acute intoxication and that earlier age of onset of regular cannabis use is associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes. The discussion highlights critical relationships between cannabis and brain development, and underlines areas that are incompletely understood and should be further studied to be adequately informed for this era of rapid policy change regarding cannabis regulation.

scholarly journals Histone code and higher-order chromatin folding: A hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirti Prakash ◽  
David Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Histone Code ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Combining Evidence ◽  
Chromatin Folding ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
And Function

AbstractHistone modifications alone or in combination are thought to modulate chromatin structure and function; a concept termed histone code. By combining evidence from several studies, we investigated if the histone code can play a role in higher-order folding of chromatin. Firstly using genomic data, we analyzed associations between histone modifications at the nucleosome level. We could dissect the composition of individual nucleosomes into five predicted clusters of histone modifications. Secondly, by assembling the raw reads of histone modifications at various length scales, we noticed that the histone mark relationships that exist at nucleosome level tend to be maintained at the higher orders of chromatin folding. Recently, a high-resolution imaging study showed that histone marks belonging to three of the five predicted clusters show structurally distinct and anti-correlated chromatin domains at the level of chromosomes. This made us think that the histone code can have a significant impact in the overall compaction of DNA: at the level of nucleosomes, at the level of genes, and finally at the level of chromosomes. As a result, in this article, we put forward a theory where the histone code drives not only the functionality but also the higher-order folding and compaction of chromatin.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENT LEARNING STYLE ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL (HOTS) OF CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TOPIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali Pantas ◽  
H Hasruddin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Style ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Kinesthetic Learning ◽  
And Function

This research aims to determine the relationship and contribution of visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning styles toward Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of cell structure and function topic in grade XI Science SMAN 1 Lubuk Pakam with academic year 2017/2018. The population for this research were all students in grade XI Science SMAN 1 Lubuk Pakam was 246 students with sample of research as many as 152 students. This research is an ex-post facto. The data was collected by using questionnaires with Likert scale for learning styles and multiple choices questions for HOTS of cell structure and function topic. Then, the data was analyzed by using linear regression. The results of this research showed that: (1) There was a positive influence and significant of visual learning style towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of students as evidenced by Fcount=11.016 with its contribution was 6.8%; (2) There was a positive influence and significant of auditory learning style towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of students as evidenced by Fcount=6.570 with its contribution was 4.2%; (3) There was a positive influence and significant of kinesthetic learning style towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) as evidenced by Fcount=4.464 with its contribution was 2.9% and (4) There was positive influence and significant of visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning style as together towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of students as evidenced by Fcount=8.061 with its contribution was 14%. Keywords: Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS),Learning Style

scholarly journals Histone Code and Higher-Order Chromatin Folding: A Hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirti Prakash ◽  
David Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Histone Code ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Combining Evidence ◽  
Chromatin Folding ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
And Function

Histone modifications alone or in combination are thought to modulate chromatin structure and function; a concept termed histone code. By combining evidence from several studies, we investigated if the histone code can play a role in higher-order folding of chromatin. Firstly using genomic data, we analyzed associations between histone modifications at the nucleosome level. We could dissect the composition of individual nucleosomes into five predicted clusters of histone modifications. Secondly, by assembling the raw reads of histone modifications at various length scales, we noticed that the histone mark relationships that exist at nucleosome level tend to be maintained at the higher orders of chromatin folding. Recently, a high-resolution imaging study showed that histone marks belonging to three of the five predicted clusters show structurally distinct and anti-correlated chromatin domains at the level of chromosomes. This made us think that the histone code can have a significant impact in the overall compaction of DNA: at the level of nucleosomes, at the level of genes, and finally at the level of chromosomes. As a result, in this article, we put forward a theory where the histone code drives not only the functionality but also the higher-order folding and compaction of chromatin.

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