Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride with Epoxides: A Chain-Growth Approach to Unsaturated Polyesters

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (28) ◽  
pp. 10724-10727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. DiCiccio ◽  
Geoffrey W. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Unsaturated Polyesters ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Growth Approach

scholarly journals Sol-Gel Chemistry by Ring-Opening Polymerization

1999 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Rahimian ◽  
Douglas A. Loy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Ring Closure ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Alcohol Solvent ◽  
Phenylene Group ◽  
A Chain

ABSTRACTSol-gel processing of materials is plagued by shrinkage during polymerization of the alkoxide monomers and processing (aging and drying) of the resulting gels. We have developed a new class of hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on the solventless ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of monomers bearing the 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disilaoxacyclopentyl group, which permits us to drastically reduce shrinkage in sol-gel processed materials. Because the monomers are polymerized through a chain growth mechanism catalyzed by base rather than the step growth mechanism normally used in sol-gel systems, hydrolysis and condensation products are entirely eliminated. Furthermore, since water is not required for hydrolysis, an alcohol solvent is not necessary. Monomers with two disilaoxacyclopentyl groups, separated by a rigid phenylene group or a more flexible alkylene group, were prepared through disilylation of the corresponding diacetylenes, followed by ring closure and hydrogenation. Anionic polymerization of these materials, either neat or with 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane as a copolymer, affords thermally stable transparent gels with no visible shrinkage. These materials provide an easy route to the introduction of sol-gel type materials in encapsulation of microelectronics, which we have successfully demonstrated.

Alternating Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and Maleic Anhydride with Diallyl-Modified Manganese(III)–Salen Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengfeng Liu ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Xingmei Zhang ◽  
Xingqiang Lü
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Cyclohexene Oxide ◽  
Co Catalyst ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Polymer Chain Growth ◽  
Catalytic Performances

A series of diallyl-modified (salen)MnIII complexes have been designed, synthesized, and applied in the cyclohexene oxide and maleic anhydride ring-opening copolymerization. The experimental results show that these complexes are effective in the presence of co-catalyst 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). Of all the five catalysts, the catalyst (salcyen)MnCl (salcyen = 2-((E)-(2-((E)-5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)cyclohexylimino)methyl)-4-allyl-6-methoxyphenol) exhibited the best catalytic performance under the conditions applied, and the cyclohexane of diimine bridge is conjugated with the two diallyl-salen-type moieties. This conjugation can increase the electron density of the centre MnIII cation so that catalyst (salcyen)MnCl favours the formation of reaction intermediates. Moreover, the anion effect of Cl– is proved to be the best in the catalytic performances. Among the three co-catalysts (DMAP, triphenylphosphine (Ph3P), and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu4NBr)) tested, DMAP is the most efficient towards monomer conversion and polymer chain growth.

Isoselective mechanism of the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide catalyzed by chiral potassium binolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqin Cui ◽  
Changjuan Chen ◽  
Yangyang Sun ◽  
Jincai Wu ◽  
Xiaobo Pan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
A Chain

A chain end control mechanism for the isoselective ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide catalyzed by potassium complexes was proven via three different methods.

Monte Carlo simulation of folding transitions of simple model proteins using a chain growth algorithm

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 8644-8652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn M. O’Toole ◽  
Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
A Chain

General procedures in chain-growth polymerization

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najib Aragrag ◽  
Dario C. Castiglione
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Reagent Purity ◽  
Step Growth

This chapter is intended to provide a general introduction to the laboratory techniques used in polymer synthesis, by focusing on some relatively well-known polymerizations that occur by chain-growth processes. In this way some of the more commonly used procedures in polymer chemistry are described. Due to the nature of the intermediates produced, such as free radicals, carbanions, carbocations, together with a range of organometallic species, the techniques often involve handling compounds in the complete absence of oxygen and moisture. Because of this the best results may require quite sophisticated equipment and glassware; however, it is our intention to show that the general procedures are accessible to any reasonably equipped laboratory, and indeed some of the techniques are suitable for use in an undergraduate teaching laboratory. Chain-growth polymerization involves the sequential step-wise addition of monomer to a growing chain. Usually, the monomer is unsaturated, almost always a derivative of ethene, and most commonly vinylic, that is, a monosubstituted ethane, 1 particularly where the growing chain is a free radical. For such monomers, the polymerization process is classified by the way in which polymerization is initiated and thus the nature of the propagating chain, namely anionic, cationic, or free radical; polymerization by coordination catalyst is generally considered separately as the nature of the growing chain-end may be less clear and coordination may bring about a substantial level of control not possible with other methods. Ring-opening polymerizations exhibit many of the features of chain-growth polymerization, but may also show some of the features expected from stepgrowth polymerizations. However, it is probably fair to say that from a practical point of view the techniques involved are rather similar or the same as those used in chain-growth processes and consequently some examples of ring-opening processes are provided here. It is particularly instructive to consider the requirements of chain-growth compared to step-growth processes in terms of the demands for reagent purity and reaction conditions.

Ring-opening copolymerization of epoxide and dianhydride in the presence of manganese(III) asymmetrical bis-Schiff base catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1098-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng-Feng Liu ◽  
Lu-Qun Zhu ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Li-Ying Wu ◽  
Xing-Qiang Lü
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Steric Effects ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Electronic Effects ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Electronic And Steric Effects

Based on a series of asymmetrical bis-Schiff base H2Ln (n = 1–4) ligands with different electronic and steric effects, a series of [Mn(Ln)Cl] complexes 1–4 are obtained and shown to be effective catalysts in ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and dianhydrides. Through the structure design, the input of electron-withdrawing bromine substituent para to the phenoxide group of the complexes is considerately beneficial to the improved activities. Moreover, steric and electronic effects of the suitable MeO substituent at the ortho orientation on the phenoxide group may both play a role in the formation of alternating ring-opening copolymers under the identical reaction conditions. In three cocatalysts tested, n-Bu4NBr is positive to monomer conversion and chain growth of polymer.

scholarly journals Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride and styrene as a compatibilizer for biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)/polypropylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501984971
Author(s):  
Zheng Tian ◽  
Lisha Pan ◽  
Qing Pan
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Propylene Carbonate ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Ring Opening Reactions ◽  
Poly Propylene

Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride and styrene [PP- g-(MAH- co-St)] was prepared by melt grafting. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy showed that maleic anhydride in the form of cyclic anhydride was successfully grafted onto the main chains of polypropylene. PP- g-(MAH- co-St) acts as a compatibilizer for the poly(propylene carbonate)/polypropylene meltblown nonwoven fabric slices. The effect of different contents and grafting proportions of PP- g-(MAH- co-St) on the structure and performance of the poly(propylene carbonate)/polypropylene slices was investigated. The poly(propylene carbonate)/polypropylene slices had favorable compatibility, tensile properties, thermal stability, and degradability, and their melt flow rates were reduced by the addition of PP- g-(MAH- co-St). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra showed that ring-opening reactions occur between the anhydride functional groups of PP- g-(MAH- co-St) and poly(propylene carbonate). Ring-opening reactions, chemical bonds, cocrystallization, increased interface adhesion forces, and reduced interfacial tension may be the mechanisms by which PP- g-(MAH- co-St) acts a compatibilizer for poly(propylene carbonate)/polypropylene slices.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyd Resin Based on Soybean Oil Polyols

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 1721-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Qing Zheng ◽  
Li Ting Yang ◽  
Kun Peng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Phthalic Anhydride ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Hydroxyl Value

Soybean oil-based alkyd resin was prepared using soy-based polyol, maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. The soy-based polyol was obtained through the epoxidization of soybean oil, followed by ring-opening with methanol and, the hydroxyl values of soybean oil-based polyols used in this reaction is 169.93 mgKOH/g. In the reactions of soy-based polyol, maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride, the molar ratio of hydroxyl value is equal to carboxyl value and the molar ratio of maleic anhydride to phthalic anhydride is 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2, respectively. 1% hydroquinone based on total reactants was used as inhibitor of polymerization, 1% dibutyltin oxide was used as catalyst.

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