New Biarsenical Ligands and Tetracysteine Motifs for Protein Labeling in Vitro and in Vivo:  Synthesis and Biological Applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 6063-6076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Adams ◽  
Robert E. Campbell ◽  
Larry A. Gross ◽  
Brent R. Martin ◽  
Grant K. Walkup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Labeling ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
In Vivo Synthesis

Toxicity assessment of nanoparticles in various systems and organs

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yang ◽  
Zhen Qin ◽  
Wei Zeng ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
Yubin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Histopathological Studies

AbstractIn the past decades, much attention has been paid to toxicity assessment of nanoparticles prior to clinical and biological applications. Whilein vitrostudies have been increasing constantly,in vivostudies of nanoparticles have not established a unified system until now. Predictive models and validated standard methods are imperative. This review summarizes the current progress in approaches assessing nanotoxicity in main systems, including the hepatic and renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. Histopathological studies and specific functional examinations in each system are elucidated. Related injury mechanisms are also discussed.

Measurement of the absolute synthesis of soluble and insoluble elastin by chick aortic tissue

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Keeley ◽  
Dorothy J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
State Level ◽  
Aortic Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Synthesis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Absolute Synthesis ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation ◽  
In Vivo Synthesis

The rate of in vitro synthesis of soluble and insoluble elastin by thoracic aorta of 2-day-old chicks has been measured in absolute terms. In the absence of β-aminopropionitrile (βAPN), the steady state level of soluble elastin was 120 pmol/100 mg of aortic tissue or 3.7 μg/whole aorta segment. The rate of synthesis of elastin in vitro was approximately 130 μg/day per whole aorta segment. This is three- to four-fold lower than the estimated rate of in vivo synthesis for a comparable segment of aortic tissue at the same stage of development. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that this difference was not due to in vitro proteolysis of a significant proportion of the newly synthesized soluble elastin, but rather that the conversion of soluble to insoluble elastin was both rapid and efficient. These experiments also indicated the presence in aortic tissue of a substantial pool of elastin of intermediate solubility. Although inclusion of βAPN in the incubation medium resulted in an increase in the amount of soluble elastin in aortic tissue, the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized soluble elastin in the presence of this inhibitor of cross-linking was not linear, but decreased with incubation time. Furthermore, although βAPN effectively suppressed the appearance of insoluble elastin for at least 2 h, some escape from the effect of this inhibitor was seen with further incubation. In general, βAPN significantly depressed elastin synthesis.

scholarly journals Application of Quantum Dots in Biological Imaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Jin ◽  
Yanxi Hu ◽  
Zhanjun Gu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Hai-Chen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Polymer Dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are a group of semiconducting nanomaterials with unique optical and electronic properties. They have distinct advantages over traditional fluorescent organic dyes in chemical and biological studies in terms of tunable emission spectra, signal brightness, photostability, and so forth. Currently, the major type of QDs is the heavy metal-containing II-IV, IV-VI, or III-V QDs. Silicon QDs and conjugated polymer dots have also been developed in order to lower the potential toxicity of the fluorescent probes for biological applications. Aqueous solubility is the common problem for all types of QDs when they are employed in the biological researches, such asin vitroandin vivoimaging. To circumvent this problem, ligand exchange and polymer coating are proven to be effective, besides synthesizing QDs in aqueous solutions directly. However, toxicity is another big concern especially forin vivostudies. Ligand protection and core/shell structure can partly solve this problem. With the rapid development of QDs research, new elements and new morphologies have been introduced to this area to fabricate more safe and efficient QDs for biological applications.

scholarly journals Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Tadyszak ◽  
Jacek Wychowaniec ◽  
Jagoda Litowczenko
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Reduced Forms

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) structures and their reduced forms, e.g., GO paper and partially or fully reduced three-dimensional (3D) aerogels, are at the forefront of materials design for extensive biomedical applications that allow for the proliferation and differentiation/maturation of cells, drug delivery, and anticancer therapies. Various viability tests that have been conducted in vitro on human cells and in vivo on mice reveal very promising results, which make graphene-based materials suitable for real-life applications. In this review, we will give an overview of the latest studies that utilize graphene-based structures and their composites in biological applications and show how the biomimetic behavior of these materials can be a step forward in bridging the gap between nature and synthetically designed graphene-based nanomaterials.

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