scholarly journals A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE CAPILLARY RISE METHOD OF DETERMINING SURFACE TENSION, WITH DATA FOR WATER, BENZENE, TOLUENE, CHLOROFORM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, ETHER AND DIMETHYL ANILINE. [SECOND PAPER.]1

1921 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore W. Richards ◽  
Emmett K. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Capillary Rise Method ◽  
Benzene Toluene

SURFACE TENSION OF He3

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. LoveJoy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Liquid Helium ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Capillary Rise Method

The surface tension of He3 has been measured by a capillary rise method between 1.08° and 2.32°K. A decrease of more than 50% was observed in this range and this supports the ideas on which Atkins' theory of the surface tension of liquid helium is based. On the basis of this theory the surface tension has been extrapolated to 0°K., where it has the value 0.154 ± 0.005 erg cm.−2. Above 2.3°K. it was extrapolated linearly to zero at the critical temperature. The Eötvös constant was calculated to be about 0.8.

Measurement of Surface Tension of Homogenised Milks

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloshree Mukherjee ◽  
Bipan Bansal ◽  
Xiao Dong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Capillary Rise Method ◽  
Inverse Effect ◽  
Wilhelmy Plate ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Wilhelmy Plate Method

Surface tension of different homogenized milk and cream, available in New Zealand, has been measured using the ‘Capillary Rise’ method as well as the automated ‘Wilhelmy Plate’ method. The measured values are slightly higher than the values reported in the literature. Increasing the fat content is found to have an inverse effect on the surface tension. This effect diminishes progressively for fat concentrations beyond 30%. Milk proteins, reported in the literature as surface-active components, are observed to have no effect on the surface tension.

THE SURFACE TENSION OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE FATTY ACIDS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24a (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Douglas ◽  
C. A. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Chain Molecules ◽  
Capillary Rise Method

Surface tension measurements have been made on normal heptylic, pelargonic, capric, and lauric acids above their melting points and on aqueous solutions of heptylic, pelargonic, capric, and undecylic acids, at various concentrations. A modified capillary rise method was employed. The results indicate that the surface does not reach the stable state at once but requires considerable time, being slower for more dilute solutions and longer chain molecules. Evidence is given for the existence of a monolayer of closely packed molecules, with long axes perpendicular to the surface, each molecule occupying an area of approximately 25 Å for heptylic acid.

Surface tension of liquid 4He and 3He

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1505-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira J. Ikushima ◽  
Masaaki Iino ◽  
Masaru Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Wave ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Resonance Method ◽  
Einstein Condensate ◽  
Bose Einstein Condensate ◽  
Capillary Rise Method ◽  
Wave Resonance ◽  
Bose Einstein

Surface tensions of liquid 4He and 3He have been measured down to 0.3 K by using the surface-wave resonance method. Measurements with 3He have been made further, down to 20 mK, by the capillary-rise method. Liquid 4He shows a T7/3 temperature dependence up to approximately 1 K, indicating that the ripplon excitation is the predominant contributor in this temperature range. It is concluded with the superfluid 4He that the "surface energy" of the Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) gives a major contribution to the surface tension, from which we have deduced n0, the fraction of BEC. Liquid 3He shows a T2 temperature dependence from 0.3 K to about 1 K. The result is attributed to both the effect of 3He quasi particles, which hit the surface, and the ripplon. The latter has never been seriously thought to exist on the 3He surface.An unexpected behavior of the 3He surface tension has been found below approximately 200 mK. The surface tension does not obey the T2 temperature dependence but deviates downward around 200 mK.Surface tensions of 4He and 3He have been measured also in the vicinities of liquid–vapor critical points.

A capillary rise method for studying the effective surface tension of monolayer nanoparticle-covered liquid marbles

Soft Matter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (48) ◽  
pp. 9877-9884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Li ◽  
Renxian Wang ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Yiqi Wang ◽  
Haixiao Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Liquid Marbles ◽  
Capillary Rise Method

A capillary rise method was developed to study the effective surface tension of liquid marbles with invisible nanoparticle monolayers.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUIDS NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

1933 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Winkler ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Molecular Surface ◽  
Electronic Interaction ◽  
Capillary Rise Method ◽  
Ring Method ◽  
The Difference

The surface tension-temperature relations of methyl ether and propylene have been investigated by the capillary rise method over a range of temperatures approaching more closely to the critical temperature than has hitherto been done. From the data obtained, it has been concluded that the molecular surface energy does not become equal to zero when the meniscus is no longer visible, since the surface tension-temperature curves obtained apparently did not become asymptotic to the temperature axis at the critical temperature, the latter being considered as the temperature at which the meniscus is no longer discernible by the wave-lengths of visible light. The angle of interception of the surface tension-temperature curve with the temperature axis has been interpreted as indicating a discontinuity in properties at the critical point.The data obtained have also been applied to the examination of various relations involving surface tension. The Katayama equation has been shown to be considerably more accurate than that of Ramsay and Shields. Sugden's equation, has been found valid over the ranges of temperature investigated. The Macleod relation has also been examined, and an increase in the Macleod constant with increase in temperature shown to occur in the case of propylene, while no marked or progressive increase was noticed in the case of methyl ether. Calculation of the parachors served to emphasize the difference in behavior of the two substances in this respect. By a consideration of available data on benzene, chlorobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride, together with those obtained in this investigation, the increase of parachor in the case of those substances having unsaturated linkages in their molecular structure has been ascribed to increased electronic interaction with increased temperature. This is analogous to an increase in unsaturation.An attempt was made to adapt the ring method to the investigation of surface tension in the critical region, by measuring the force necessary to effect removal of the ring from the surface of the liquid by means of a calibrated quartz spiral. Although the method was unsatisfactory for the problem at hand, the feasibility of the method has been demonstrated. From the data obtained it has been possible to verify the zero angle of contact between methyl ether and glass.

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (17) ◽  
pp. 5567-5575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Vinš ◽  
Maurice Fransen ◽  
Jiří Hykl ◽  
Jan Hrubý
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Capillary Rise Method

scholarly journals Comparison of Surface Tension Models for the Volume of Fluid Method

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurian J. Vachaparambil ◽  
Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Surface Tension Force ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Mesh Resolution ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Spurious Currents

With the increasing use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to investigate multiphase flow scenarios, modelling surface tension effects has been a topic of active research. A well known associated problem is the generation of spurious velocities (or currents), arising due to inaccuracies in calculations of the surface tension force. These spurious currents cause nonphysical flows which can adversely affect the predictive capability of these simulations. In this paper, we implement the Continuum Surface Force (CSF), Smoothed CSF and Sharp Surface Force (SSF) models in OpenFOAM. The models were validated for various multiphase flow scenarios for Capillary numbers of 10 − 3 –10. All the surface tension models provide reasonable agreement with benchmarking data for rising bubble simulations. Both CSF and SSF models successfully predicted the capillary rise between two parallel plates, but Smoothed CSF could not provide reliable results. The evolution of spurious current were studied for millimetre-sized stationary bubbles. The results shows that SSF and CSF models generate the least and most spurious currents, respectively. We also show that maximum time step, mesh resolution and the under-relaxation factor used in the simulations affect the magnitude of spurious currents.

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