ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT IN CARBON COMPOUNDS IV. DERIVATIVES OF BENZENE

Organic chemistry was, in its origin, the study of the chemical compounds found in living matter. These substances, however, are usually of so complex a composition, and so difficult to separate from one another in a pure state, that their study made little headway until attention was concentrated on the much simpler compounds present in coal gas and coal tar. Both of these were available on die industrial scale in many parts of Europe from 1820 onwards. The problems presented by these derivatives of methane and of benzene were capable of progressive solution; by the end of the century, the literature of organic chemistry was largely concerned with ‘unnatural’ compounds (1), and the science itself had to be redefined as ‘the chemistry of carbon compounds’. Of course, natural products were never entirely forgotten, and as methods of separation and structure determination increased in power, they began in the present century to take a more equal place with their unnatural relatives. Henry Edward Schunck (1820-1903), a Manchester chemist and industrialist, was one of the few who devoted their whole career to research in natural-product chemistry during the decades of its partial eclipse.

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Rodd's chemistry of carbon compounds. Volume 1, part c, monocarbonyl derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons, their analogues and derivatives (Coffey, S., ed.)

Journal of Chemical Education ◽

10.1021/ed042p691.3 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 691

Author(s):

William A. Bonner

Keyword(s):

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Part C ◽

Carbon Compounds ◽

Derivatives Of

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Second Supplements to the Second Edition of Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Volume III: Aromatic Compounds. Part B: Benzoquinones and Related Compounds: Derivatives of Mononuclear Benzenoid Hydrocarbons with Nuclear Substituents Attached through an Element other than the Non-Metals in Groups VI and VII of the Periodic Table; Part C: Nuclear-substituted Benzenoid Hydrocarbons with more than One Nitrogen Atom on a Substituent Group; Part D (partial): Monobenzenoid and Phenolic Aralkyl Compounds, their Derivatives and Oxidation Products: Depsides, Tannins, Lignans, Lignin and Humic Acid (Chapter 12 in this volume) Edited by M. Sainsbury. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1995. xiv + 368 pp. 15.5 × 23 cm. ISBN 0-444-82242-9. $211.75.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jm9600297 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 1567-1567

Author(s):

Staff

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Compounds ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Benzenoid Hydrocarbons ◽

Part D ◽

Part C ◽

Substituent Group ◽

Carbon Compounds ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Related Compounds ◽

Group Part

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A theory of contamination in electron microscopes by surface diffusion

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100107721 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 116-117

Author(s):

J.T. Fourie

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Surface Diffusion ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Ultra High Vacuum ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Carbon Compounds ◽

Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Primary Electrons ◽

Long Chain

Contamination in electron microscopes can be a serious problem in STEM or in situations where a number of high resolution micrographs are required of the same area in TEM. In modern instruments the environment around the specimen can be made free of the hydrocarbon molecules, which are responsible for contamination, by means of either ultra-high vacuum or cryo-pumping techniques. However, these techniques are not effective against hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on the specimen surface before or during its introduction into the microscope. The present paper is concerned with a theory of how certain physical parameters can influence the surface diffusion of these adsorbed molecules into the electron beam where they are deposited in the form of long chain carbon compounds by interaction with the primary electrons.

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