The Resin Acids. The Action of Palladium on Abietic Acid

1938 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1419-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin R. Littmann
Keyword(s):  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids

scholarly journals CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF TAURUS FIR (Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica) OLEORESIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayben Kilic Pekgözlü ◽  
Esra Ceylan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Unsaponified Fraction

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of both turpintine and colophony parts of Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica (Taurus fir) oleoresin collected from Mersin-Turkey. Colophony of taurus fir was not performed before. Hydro-distillation was applied for the separation of turpentine and colophony. Samples were analyzed separately by FID-GC and GC-MS. The yield of oleoresin was 14,3 % turpentine and 82,5 % colophony. Fourty-six compounds were found in the turpentine where α-pinene (81,2 %) was the major compound with β-pinene (12,6 %). However, in the colophony abietane type resin acids were forming the main group (abietic 46,8%, neoabietic 29,5%). Resin hydrocarbons and terpenes were identified in the unsaponified fraction of colophony of Taurus fir. High α-pinene and abietic acid contents make this oleoresin to be used in pharmacy and chemical industries.

scholarly journals CXXVI.—The resin acids of the Coniferæ. Part I. The constitution of abietic acid

1904 ◽  
Vol 85 (0) ◽  
pp. 1238-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hill Easterfield ◽  
George Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids

Laboratory and outdoor water repellency and dimensional stability of southern pine sapwood treated with a waterborne water repellent made from resin acids

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor P. Schultz ◽  
Darrel D. Nicholas ◽  
Leonard L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Tree

Abstract A major consumer concern regarding lumber in above-ground exposure such as decking is the poor dimensional stability that leads to warping, splitting, and checking. One method to increase dimensional stability is to treat lumber with a water repellent. A waterborne water repellent made from the resin acid abietic acid or a commercial source of resin acids, tall oil rosin or TOR, was tested using southern pine sapwood. In laboratory water-swelling tests, the waterborne abietic acid provided water repellency that was almost equivalent to that provided by wax, while no water repellency was observed with solventborne resin acid. Wood treated with waterborne TOR also provided good water repellency in laboratory tests and fair water repellency at up to 13 months of outdoor exposure, but the laboratory efficacy was partially reduced by a water leach. The dimensional stability (cupping and checking) and mold growth on TOR-treated lumber in above-ground exterior exposure was better than for untreated boards, but not as good as for wax-treated lumber. Analysis of the wood in southern pine tree trunks of 14 or 29 years of age of various diameters and sampled at the bottom, middle and top showed that the resin acid content in southern pine wood is quite variable. This may explain the wide variation in natural water repellency and decay resistance previously observed with untreated southern pine sapwood.

Differences in Resin Acid Concentration between Brown-Rot Resistant and Susceptible Scots Pine Heartwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harju ◽  
P. Kainulainen ◽  
M. Venäläinen ◽  
M. Tiitta ◽  
H. Viitanen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties

Summary The concentration of individual resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content at a relative humidity of 100% were studied in brown-rot resistant and susceptible Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. About 90% of the resin acids in the heartwood were of the abietane type, abietic acid being the most abundant. The concentration of resin acids was higher in the decay-resistant heartwood than in the decay-susceptible heartwood. Resin acids are presumably in part responsible for the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood. However, no clear relationship was found between the concentration of resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content. The role of resin acids may also be ascribed to mechanisms other than their hydrophobic properties alone. The reasons for the slight differences in moisture content between the decay classes require further study.

Cationic emulsions of maleic anhydride derivatives of oleic acid and abietic acid for hydrophobic sizing of paper

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
MARTIN A. HUBBE ◽  
LOKENDRA PAL ◽  
AHSEN EZEL BILDIK DAL
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Cationic Starch ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Sizing Agents

Ordinary rosin sizing agents are mixtures of resin acids that include abietic acid and related com-pounds obtained from softwoods such as pine. Fatty acids, which are another byproduct of the kraft pulping of soft-wood species, also may have hydrophobic effects, but their use as sizing agents has seldom been considered. In the current study, abietic acid and oleic acid, in the absence of other components, were first modified by reaction with maleic acid anhydride. Then, the maleated derivatives (maleated oleic acid [MOA] and maleated abietic acid [MAA]), which were emulsified with cationic starch at the 1:1 and 3:2 ratio, respectively, were added to fiber furnish containing aluminum sulfate (papermaker’s alum). The prepared sheets were dried with a rotating drum on one side at 100°C at low pressure to cure the sizing agents. The chemical, optical strength, and absorption properties were measured. The presence of the sizing material was confirmed using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and the retention of the sizing agent on fibers was supported by evidence of hydrocarbons on the paper surface. In addition to achieving sufficient water resistance features with MAA, a lesser hydrophobic character was obtained when using MOA. Compared to commercial applications, relatively large amounts of sizing agent were used to obtain a sufficient sizing degree. The MOA required 5% addition to achieve a similar sizing degree as MAA at the 2% level. The sizing treatments also resulted in substantial increases in tensile index value. Since cationic starch was used in the formulation of the sizing agents, the increase in tensile index may have been due to the influence of cationic starch. Contributions to paper strength from a combination of ionic complexation and mutual association of hydrophobic groups is also proposed. Depending on the amount of sizing agent, the yellowness increased, especial-ly when sizing with MOA.

Cytotoxicity and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Natural Rosin Abietane Diterpenoids and their Synthetic Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (36) ◽  
pp. 4362-4375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Faustino ◽  
Íris Neto ◽  
Pedro Fonte ◽  
Ana Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Abietane Diterpenoids ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chemotherapeutic agents currently used in cancer treatment are associated with severe side effects and development of resistance. Thus, there is a pressing need for novel and more potent anticancer drugs with high selectivity for tumor cells and reduced toxicity to normal tissue. Natural products remain an important source of bioactive compounds and drug prototypes that can lead to new and more effective antitumor agents. Coniferous plants are rich in abietane diterpenoids with a wide range of biological activities that provide useful templates for synthetic modification. Abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid (DHA), the major diterpenic resin acids from Pinus rosin, and dehydroabietylamine found in commercial disproportionated rosin amine, display antibacterial and antitumor properties. These compounds and their synthetic derivatives have been reported as promising anticancer agents with potent growth inhibitory activity against several types of human cancer cell lines, including breast, ovarian, prostate, colon, liver, lung and cervical carcinoma cells. Their mechanisms of action are diverse and include DNA binding, induction of apoptosis or oncosis, tubulin polymerization inhibition and disruption of intracellular cholesterol transport. This review covers the main aspects of natural rosin abietane diterpenoids (abietic acid, DHA and DHAA) and synthetic derivatives concerning their anti-proliferative, cytotoxic and antitumor activities, mechanisms of action and structure- activity relationships relevant for the development of novel anticancer agents for cancer chemotherapy.

Phenolic and Lipophilic Extractives in Scots Pine Knots and Stemwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Willför ◽  
J. Hemming ◽  
M. Reunanen ◽  
B. Holmbom
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Outer Branch

Summary The phenolic and lipophilic extractives in the heartwood of knots from seven Scots pine trees were analysed by GC, GC-MS and HPSEC. The knots contained large amounts of phenolic stilbenes, 1–7% (w/w), and lignans, 0.4–3% (w/w), while the stemwood contained around 1% (w/w) of stilbenes and no detectable lignans. In young trees without stem heartwood the stilbene content in the knots was up to 200 times that in the stem. Some in-tree and between-tree variation was seen in the content of phenolic compounds in the knots. The ratio of pinosylvin monomethyl ether to pinosylvin was higher in the knots than in the stemwood. The most abundant lignan was nortrachelogenin, but also matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol and liovil were present in small amounts in the knots. The knots also contained a complex mixture of lignan-like compounds, here called oligolignans. The flavonoid pinocembrin was present in both stemwood and knots in amounts below 0.02% (w/w). The stilbene concentration in the radial direction, from the pith to the outer branch, decreased or was on the same level inside the stem, while it decreased markedly in the outer branch. The lignan concentration was on the same level or decreased slightly inside the stem, while it decreased markedly in the branches and became almost non-existent within 10 cm out in the branches. The knots contained large amounts (4.5–32% (w/w)) of lipophilic extractives, mainly resin acids. Some in-tree and between-tree variation was seen for the resin acids. The abietane-type resin acids dominated over the pimarane-type acids and abietic acid was the most abundant resin acid in the knots and in stem heartwood. The amount of resin acids in the radial direction decreased or was on the same level inside the stem, while a clear decrease was detected in the branches. The profile of the distribution of resin acids and phenolic compounds was similar. The knots also contained up to 0.5% (w/w) of diterpenyl aldehydes.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Abietic Acid with Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Buommino ◽  
Adriana Vollaro ◽  
Francesca P. Nocera ◽  
Francesca Lembo ◽  
Marina DellaGreca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Resin acids are valued in traditional medicine for their antiseptic properties. Among these, abietic acid has been reported to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. In veterinary healthcare, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strain is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes including mecA. The incidence of MRSP has been increasing, and treatment options in veterinary medicine are partial. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of abietic acid against three MRSP and two methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP) strains, isolated from diseased pet animals and human wound samples. Abietic acid showed a significant minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranging from 32 to 64 μg/mL (MRSPs) and 8 μg/mL (MSSP). By checkerboard method we demonstrated that abietic acid increased oxacillin susceptibility of MRSP strains, thus showing a synergistic interaction with oxacillin. Abietic acid was also able to contrast the vitality of treated MSSP and MRSP1 biofilms at 20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL, respectively. Finally, the compound moderately reduced mecA, mecR1 and mec1 gene expression. In conclusion, the results here reported demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of abietic acid against MRSP and support the use of this compound as a potential therapeutic agent to be used in combinatorial antibiotic therapy.

The Thermal Behavior of Some Resin Acids at 400–500 °C

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (14) ◽  
pp. 2224-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray F. Severson ◽  
Walter H. Schuller
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Levopimaric Acid

The hot tube pyrolysis of dehydroabietic acid (1) at 400–500 °C was found to produce as major products the three possible A-ring olefins (19-norabieta-4,8,11,13-tetraene (2); 19-norabieta-4(18),8,11,13-tetraene (3); and 19-norabieta-3,8,11,13-tetraene (4)) resulting from the elimination of the carboxylate moiety. The i.r., n.m.r., u.v., and mass spectrum of each olefln was obtained and discussed. The pyrolysis of abietic acid (7) and levopimaric acid (8) under identical conditions was found to yield A-ring olefins; to isomerize to yield varying mixtures of palustric, 7, and neoabietic acids; to dehydrogenate to yield 1; and to eliminate propylene to form deisopropyldehydroabietic acid (15). A mechanism to explain the formation of 15 from the dienoic resin acids is given.

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