Isotopic Exchange Reactions of Gaseous Ethyl Bromide with Bromine, Hydrogen Bromide and Deuterium Bromide1

1950 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Peri ◽  
Farrington Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Hydrogen Bromide ◽  
Ethyl Bromide ◽  
Exchange Reactions

scholarly journals Ion-Pair Reactivity in Isotopic Exchange Reactions. I. Lithium Chloride in Acetone as Solvent.

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1175-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Beronius ◽  
Veikko Konttinen ◽  
G. Hagen ◽  
P. H. Nielsen ◽  
Alf A. Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Exchange Reactions

scholarly journals Fast Isotopic Exchange between Mitochondria and Cytosol in Brain Revealed by Relayed 13C Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehoon Yang ◽  
Su Xu ◽  
Jun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Magnetization Transfer ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Longitudinal Relaxation

In vivo13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been applied to studying brain metabolic processes by measuring 13C label incorporation into cytosolic pools such as glutamate and aspartate. However, the rate of exchange between mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate/oxaloacetate and cytosolic glutamate/aspartate ( Vx) extracted from metabolic modeling has been controversial. Because brain fumarase is exclusively located in the mitochondria, and mitochondrial fumarate is connected to cytosolic aspartate through a chain of fast exchange reactions, it is possible to directly measure Vx from the four-carbon side of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by magnetization transfer. In isoflurane-anesthetized adult rat brain, a relayed 13C magnetization transfer effect on cytosolic aspartate C2 at 53.2ppm was detected after extensive signal averaging with fumarate C2 at 136.1ppm irradiated using selective radiofrequency pulses. Quantitative analysis using Bloch–McConnell equations and a four-site exchange model found that VxE13–19 µmol per g per min (≫ VTCA, the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate) when the longitudinal relaxation time of malate C2 was assumed to be within ±33% of that of aspartate C2. If VxE VTCA, the isotopic exchange between mitochondria and cytosol would be too slow on the time scale of 13C longitudinal relaxation to cause a detectable magnetization transfer effect.

Elovich Equation for the Kinetics of Isotopic Exchange Reactions at Solid–Liquid Interfaces

Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 226 (5241) ◽  
pp. 148-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. ATKINSON ◽  
F. J. HINGSTON ◽  
A. M. POSNER ◽  
J. P. QUIRK
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Elovich Equation ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Kinetics Of

ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN THE SYSTEM BROMINE – BROMATE – HYPOBROMOUS ACID

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Betts ◽  
Agnes N. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Perchloric Acid Solution ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Measurable Rate ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Secondary Chemical ◽  
Kinetics Of

Radiotracer studies with Br82 show that bromine and bromate ion in perchloric acid solution undergo isotopic exchange at a measurable rate. The kinetics of the process suggest that secondary chemical reactions occur, leading to the formation of significant concentrations of hypobromous acid in the system. The isotopic exchange between hypobromous acid and bromine is complete within the time required to separate these species.

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