Mechanisms of Acid-catalyzed Reaction. IV.1The Kinetics of Ring Opening of Styrene Episulfide

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1508-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold. Kwart ◽  
Jost A. Herbig
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of the equilibration of 3-hydroxyphthalide and o-formylbenzoic acid. Hemiacetal breakdown with a carboxylic acid leaving group

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1196-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. McClelland ◽  
Poule E. Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Temperature Jump ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Concerted Mechanism ◽  
Leaving Group ◽  
Relaxation Study ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Conjugate Base

A temperature-jump relaxation study is reported for the equilibration: 3-hydroxyphthalide (SH) [Formula: see text]o-formylbenzoate (R−) [Formula: see text]o-formylbenzoic acid (RH). A kinetic analysis is carried out in which SH and R− interconvert with catalysis in the ring opening direction by water and by added general bases. Excellent Brønsted plots based upon a series of oxyacid buffer catalysts are obtained. These have slopes β for the base-catalyzed ring opening of 0.81 and α for the reverse acid-catalyzed ring closing of 0.19. A mechanism where S−, the conjugate base of SH, is a discrete intermediate can be ruled out on the basis of the Brønsted values and the magnitudes of the rate constants. The lifetime of S− is estimated to lie in the range 10−11–10−15 s. Two mechanisms can be proposed. A fully concerted mechanism "enforced" by lifetimes less than 10−13 s involves direct interconversion of SH and R− with no intermediate. A preassociated mechanism "enforced" by lifetimes in the 10−11–10−12 s range requires, in the ring closing direction, that an acid catalyst be hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl in R−.

Kinetics of acid-catalyzed chelate ring opening in nickel(II) polyamine complexes

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 3143-3149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita A. Read ◽  
Dale W. Margerum
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Chelate Ring ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Kinetics Of

The epoxidation of canola oil and its derivatives

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (95) ◽  
pp. 92874-92886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolibjon S. Omonov ◽  
Ereddad Kharraz ◽  
Jonathan M. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Canola Oil ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Epoxy Ring ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Epoxy Ring Opening ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Subsequent Acid

This work explores the epoxidation and subsequent acid catalyzed epoxy ring opening kinetics of canola oil (CanO), canola oil fatty acid methyl esters (CanFAME) and canola oil free fatty acids (CanFFA).

Kinetics of cyclization of S-ethoxycarbonylmethylisothiouronium chloride to 2-imino-4-thiazolidone

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 912-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Macháček ◽  
Said A. El-bahai ◽  
Vojeslav Štěrba
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
General Base ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Kinetics Of Formation ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of formation of 2-imino-4-thiazolidone from S-ethoxycarbonylmethylisothiouronium chloride has been studied in aqueous buffers and dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction is subject to general base catalysis, the β value being 0.65. Its rate limiting step consists in acid-catalyzed splitting off of ethoxide ion from dipolar tetrahedral intermediate. At pH < 2 formation of this intermediate becomes rate-limiting; rate constant of its formation is 2 . 104 s-1.

Cyclization and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of O-benzoylbenzamidoximes

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 2786-2797
Author(s):  
František Grambal ◽  
Jan Lasovský
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Kinetics Of Formation ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Derivatives Of

Kinetics of formation of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from 24 substitution derivatives of O-benzoylbenzamidoxime have been studied in sulphuric acid and aqueous ethanol media. It has been found that this medium requires introduction of the Hammett H0 function instead of the pH scale beginning as low as from 0.1% solutions of mineral acids. Effects of the acid concentration, ionic strength, and temperature on the reaction rate and on the kinetic isotope effect have been followed. From these dependences and from polar effects of substituents it was concluded that along with the cyclization to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles there proceeds hydrolysis to benzamidoxime and benzoic acid. The reaction is thermodynamically controlled by the acid-base equilibrium of the O-benzylated benzamidoximes.

Kinetics of the Imidazolium Ring-Opening of mRNA 5'-cap Analogs in Aqueous Alkali

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Stachelska ◽  
Zbigniew J. Wieczorek ◽  
Janusz Stępiński ◽  
Marzena Jankowska-Anyszka ◽  
Harri Lönnberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrostatic Interaction ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Hydroxide Ion ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Imidazolium Ring ◽  
Kinetics Of

Second-order rate constants for the hydroxide-ion-catalyzed imidazolium ring-opening of several mono- and dinucleosidic analogs of mRNA 5'-cap have been determined. Intramolecular stacking of the two nucleobases in the dinucleosidic analogs, m7GpppN (m7G = 7-methylguanosine, N = 5'-linked nucleoside), and electrostatic interaction between the N-alkylated imidazolium ring and phosphate moiety have been shown to shield the m7G moiety against the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ion. In addition, the effect of methylation of the nucleobase amino groups and replacement of the 7-methyl group with other alkyl groups have been studied. The influence of all the structural modifications studied turned out to be modest, the cleavage rates of the most and least reactive analogs (with the exception of non-phosphorylated nucleosides) differing only by a factor of 5.

Kinetic modelling of reactions for the synthesis of 2-methyl-5-ethyl pyridine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Moioli ◽  
Leo Schmid ◽  
Peter Wasserscheid ◽  
Hannsjoerg Freund
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the acid catalyzed reactions of acetaldehyde ammonia trimer (AAT) and paraldehyde (para) to 2-methyl-5-ethyl pyridine (MEP) in the presence of an acid catalyst were investigated systematically. A...

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