Free energy relationship for electron transfer far from equilibrium. Analysis of reversibility in the endergonic region

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (15) ◽  
pp. 4186-4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Klingler ◽  
J. K. Kochi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Far From Equilibrium

ChemInform Abstract: Electron Transfer Reactions in Solvent Mixtures: The Excess Component of Solvent Reorganization Free Energy

ChemInform ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (37) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
M. Morillo ◽  
C. Denk ◽  
P. Perez ◽  
M. Lopez ◽  
A. Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Solvent Mixtures ◽  
Electron Transfer Reactions ◽  
Excess Component

From ATP to Electron Transfer:  Electrostatics and Free-Energy Transduction in Nitrogenase

2001 ◽  
Vol 105 (23) ◽  
pp. 5359-5367 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Kurnikov ◽  
A. K. Charnley ◽  
D. N. Beratan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Transduction

Bioenergetics of Na+ transport across frog skin: chemical and electrical measurements

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. F691-F700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Civan ◽  
K. Peterson-Yantorno ◽  
D. R. DiBona ◽  
D. F. Wilson ◽  
M. Erecinska
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Frog Skin ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Transepithelial Transport ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Enzymatically prepared split frog skins consisted purely of epithelial cells. Electrical parameters and the cell contents of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine, inorganic phosphate, protein, and water were measured in skins maintained at room temperature. Studies were conducted under base-line conditions, 15 and 60 min after adding vasopressin, and 30 min after adding amiloride. Intracellular ionic activities and concentrations were obtained from previous results. The data demonstrated that 1) the base-line concentration ratio of PCr/ATP was 0.53 +/- 0.03; 2) the average molar free energy of hydrolysis of intracellular ATP was approximately 15.0 kcal X mol-1 under control conditions, changing by less than or equal to 3% with changes in transport; and 3) the free energy of extruding 3 mol of Na+ and accumulating 2 mol of K+ was approximately 9.8 kcal X mol-1 under base-line conditions; the difference between the molar free energies of ATP hydrolysis and of transport work remained large, despite large changes in transepithelial transport. The simplest conclusion is that the Na+ pump of frog skin operates far from equilibrium.

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