The Electron as a Protecting Group. 3. Generation of Acenaphthyne Radical Anion and the Determination of the Heat of Formation of a Strained Cycloalkyne

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (18) ◽  
pp. 4189-4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Broadus ◽  
Steven R. Kass
Keyword(s):  
Radical Anion ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
Protecting Group ◽  
Group 3

scholarly journals Formation of the Radical Anion of Cubene and Determination of the Heat of Formation, Heat of Hydrogenation, and Olefin Strain Energy of Cubene

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (14) ◽  
pp. 6445-6446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul O. Staneke ◽  
Steen Ingemann ◽  
Philip Eaton ◽  
Nico M. M. Nibbering ◽  
Steven R. Kass
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Radical Anion ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
Formation Heat

Models of Thermodynamic Properties of Prominences

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
R.W. Milkey
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Mass Transport ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Observational Techniques

The focus of discussion in Working Group 3 was on the Thermodynamic Properties as determined spectroscopically, including the observational techniques and the theoretical modeling of physical processes responsible for the emission spectrum. Recent advances in observational techniques and theoretical concepts make this discussion particularly timely. It is wise to remember that the determination of thermodynamic parameters is not an end in itself and that these are interesting chiefly for what they can tell us about the energetics and mass transport in prominences.

scholarly journals Evolution of Antennapedia-Class Homeobox Genes

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhi Zhang ◽  
Masatoshi Nei
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Homeobox Genes ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes can further be divided into subgroups A (cognate groups 1–2), B (cognate group 3), and C (cognate groups 4–8), and group II genes can be divided into subgroups D (cognate groups 9–10) and E (cognate groups 11–13), though this classification is somewhat ambiguous. Evolutionary distances among different amino acid sequences suggest that the divergence between group I and group II genes occurred ∼1000 million years (MY) ago, and the five different subgroups were formed by ∼600 MY ago, probably before the divergence of Pseudocoelomates (e.g., nematodes) and Coelomates (e.g., insects and chordates). Our results show that the genes that are phylogenetically close are also closely located in the chromosome, suggesting that the colinearity between the gene expression and gene arrangement was generated by successive tandem gene duplications and that the gene arrangement has been maintained by some sort of selection.

The synthesis of a carbohydrate-like dihydrooxazine and tetrahydrooxazine as putative inhibitors of glycoside hydrolases: A direct synthesis of isofagomine

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M Best ◽  
James M Macdonald ◽  
Brian W Skelton ◽  
Robert V Stick ◽  
D Matthew G Tilbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Glycosidase Inhibitors ◽  
Protecting Group ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis ◽  
Palladium On Carbon ◽  
Mild Acid

The treatment of benzyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-L-xylopyranoside with N-hydroxyphthalimide under Mitsunobu conditions, followed by protecting-group interchange, gave benzyl 4-O-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2,3- O-isopropylidene-α-D-arabinoside. Mild acid hydrolysis and catalytic hydrogenolysis afforded 4-O-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-D-arabinose that, upon heating in water, gave the dihydrooxazine [(4R,5S,6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-4H-1,2-oxazine] as a crystalline solid. A single-crystal structure determination of this solid showed it to exist in the 5H6 conformation. Reduction of the dihydrooxazine gave the tetrahydrooxazine [(4R,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazine]. The dihydrooxazine was an effective inhibitor of two β-glucosidases (Ki = 27 and 35 µM). Benzyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-L-xylopyranoside, via the derived imidazylate, was converted into a nitrile that, upon reduction and protecting-group manipulations, gave benzyl 4-C-aminomethyl-4-deoxy-α-D-arabinoside. Treatment of this amine with hydrogen and palladium-on-carbon gave isofagomine.Key words: dihydrooxazine, tetrahydrooxazine, isofagomine, iminosugars, glycosidase inhibitors.

scholarly journals Corresponding erdosteine changes autophagy genes expression in hippocampus on Rhinitis medicamentosa model

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091-1098
Author(s):  
Recep Dokuyucu ◽  
Bulent Gogebakan ◽  
Cengiz Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Autophagy Gene ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
Antioxidant Agent ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Rhinitis Medicamentosa

In our study, rats were subjected to Oxymetazoline hydrochloride treatment and Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) was formed and then autophagy gene expression levels were determined after the application of an antioxidant agent erdosteine (ED). The rats were divided into three groups; Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 (RM) and group 3 (RM+ED) rats received two spray puffs of 0.05% oxymetazoline into the nasal cavities three times daily for eight weeks. After determination of RM in the rats, the RM group were killed. The ED+RM group received 10 mg/kg of an ED suspension. At the end of seven days, these rats were also killed. All groups? hippocampus tissues were obtained for the measurement of autophagy gene expressions. In rhinitis medicamentosa group Atg5, Atg7 and Atg10 gene expressions in the left hippocampus were reduced as compared to control group (p=0.01, p>0.05, p=0.01, respectively). Also, erdosteine treatments were restored mRNA expression of autophagy genes. In right hippocampus of rhinitis medicamentosa group, Atg5 and Atg10 gene expressions was found to be down-regulated as compared to control group (p>0.05, p<0.05, respectively). Both BECN1 and ULK genes expression were found to be reduced in left hippocampus of rhinitis medicamentosa group. Erdosteine applications was restored the expression of these genes (p=0.03, p=0.03, respectively). Additionally, in right hippocampus, Erdosteine application was restored the expression of ULK gene (p=0.01). This is the first report that evaluated the expression autophagy genes in RM rat models and the changes observed after erdosteine applications.

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