A new definition of functional groups and a general procedure for their identification in organic structures

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 3306-3311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Sello
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Definition Of

PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN UKRAINE: MODERN REALITIES AND PROSPECTS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliia Tovstohan ◽  
◽  
Serhii Ivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Current System ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Definition Of

The scientific article examines the modern mechanism of protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine. Attention is paid to the historically first using of the concept of intellectual property rights in international law and the shortcomings of this definition. The legal definition of this concept contained in the Civil Code of Ukraine is analyzed. It is concluded that the legislative enshrinement of intellectual property rights is evidence of its recognition by the state, and such a right applies to special objects, the list of which is enshrined at both national and international levels. The question of the relationship between the concepts of "protection" and "defense" of civil rights is covered. The main groups of approaches of scientists to the solution of this problem are indicated. An approach that defines "protection" as a general concept for "defense" is supported, where "protection" is a broader concept that covers the term "defense". Emphasis is placed on the fact that although these legal categories are related, they cannot be identified. The main features that distinguish these concepts are listed, and the features of "defense" as an independent concept are highlighted. There are given examples of definition of the concept of protection of intellectual property rights given by scientists. Based on these definitions, the main features of this term are summarized. The issue of forms of protection (jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional) has been studied. The general and special order within the jurisdictional form is distinguished. It is noted about the peculiarities of self-defense as a non-jurisdictional form. The focus is on the judicial (general) procedure for protection of intellectual property rights as the main one. Possible ways of protection (civil, administrative, criminal, and criminal) are analyzed. The problems and shortcomings of the current system of legal protection and protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine are analyzed. Both reports from international partners and research by Ukrainian scientists were used. The authors outline ways to solve existing problems. The conclusions of the study are formulated and the possibility of further scientific research in this area is indicated.

The Virtues of Geometry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Garrett
Keyword(s):  
General Procedure ◽  
Synthetic Method ◽  
Definition Of

Spinoza consistently used geometrical demonstrations to present his philosophical ideas. This is evident in the Ethics, Short Treatise, and Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy Demonstrated in the Geometric Manner. In Tractatus de Intellectu Emendatione, Spinoza talks about “a way of healing the intellect, and purifying it” that might precede geometrical demonstration but gives no definition of the intellect or any general procedure for acquiring true definitions. This chapter examines how one acquires these definitions, discussing first what Spinoza might have considered to be the advantages or virtues of geometrical demonstration: transparency, force, security, scale, compactness, flexibility, generality, and sense-independence. It then analyzes Spinoza’s relation to Descartes, highlighting the distinction between the analytic and the synthetic method, their different sense of geometrical order, and another virtue of geometry: ease. Finally, it invokes the idea of method Spinoza outlined in Emendatione as a solution to the puzzle mentioned earlier.

scholarly journals Studies in the infra-red region of the spectrum. Part III. -Infra-red absorption spectra of ammonia, phosphine and arsine

1928 ◽  
Vol 120 (784) ◽  
pp. 161-189 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Description ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Definition Of

In this part will be given a general description of the absorption bands found in these three gases, together with curves showing their occurrence in the region up to 17 μ, and evaluations of the maxima of the absorption bands. In Part IV the relationships of the bands to each other in one gas, and to corresponding bands in the other gases, where these occur, will be dicussed. A description of the apparatus is given in Part I, and of its calibration and of the general procedure in part II, Which also give the methods of obtaining the gases pure. It is only necessary, therefore, to say here that in order to get the best definition of which this prism instrument is capable, the galvanometer was maintained at its highest sensitiveness, the spectrometer slits were the galvanometer scale, the longer tubes were selected for the examination of faint bands and the shorter tubes were selected for the examination of faint bands and the shorter tubes for strong bands, and the exploration was conducted at pressures varying from 1 to 1/16 or 1/32 atmosphere.

scholarly journals Recurrent interactions can explain the variance in single trial responses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhodh Kotekal ◽  
Jason N. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Local Correlations ◽  
Sensory Encoding ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Visual Cortical

1.AbstractTo develop a complete description of sensory encoding, it is necessary to account for trial-to-trial variability in cortical neurons. Using a generalized linear model with terms corresponding to the visual stimulus, mouse running speed, and experimentally measured neuronal correlations, we modeled short term dynamics of L2/3 murine visual cortical neurons to evaluate the relative importance of each factor to neuronal variability within single trials. We find single trial predictions improve most when conditioning on the experimentally measured local correlations in comparison to predictions based on the stimulus or running speed. Specifically, accurate predictions are driven by positively co-varying and synchronously active functional groups of neurons. Including functional groups in the model enhances decoding accuracy of sensory information compared to a model that assumes neuronal independence. Functional groups, in encoding and decoding frameworks, provide an operational definition of Hebbian assemblies in which local correlations largely explain neuronal responses on individual trials.

The soft-sediment benthos in the ecosystem

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Gray ◽  
Michael Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Benthic Species ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Filter Feeders ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Modes Of Life ◽  
Deposit Feeding

The benthos does not, of course, live in isolation from other parts of the ecosystem. Here we consider the roles that the benthos plays in the system and how the complex interactions that are found can be modelled using ecosystem models. First, we examine methods that allow us to establish food webs based not only on examining each species in the field and in laboratory feeding studies, but also using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to ascertain the likely feeding mode of a species. It is relatively easy to determine the mode of feeding of some benthic organisms (see for example the excellent review of Fauchald and Jumars 1979, although this is now slightly dated and requires revision). Polychaetes have characteristic feeding structures, so one can determine from their morphology whether they are filter feeders, deposit feeders, or predators. Bivalves show similar morphological characteristics and it is easy to determine whether they are deposit or filter feeders. Some polychaetes have large jaws, e.g. the nereids, and one might assume that they are predators. Yet when Nereis vexillosa was studied in detail (Woodin 1977), it was found that it attached pieces of algae to its tube, which grew and were used for food, so-called ´gardening´. Nereids also are able to filter feed by creating a mucous bag and pumping water through their burrows, which filters the water; the mucous bag is then consumed. More recently, studies have shown varied and possibly opportunistic feeding by different benthic species; for example Christensen et al. (2000) showed how the suspension- and deposit-feeding abilities of nereids influenced sediment nutrient fluxes. These studies show that it is perhaps not so straightforward as once thought to interpret feeding mode simply from morphological features. The definition of functional groups and feeding guilds is increasingly used to help explain and interpret ecological functioning (e.g. Elliott et al. 2007 discuss the rationale behind functional groups). The eminent and immensely experienced benthic biologist Tom Pearson (2001) shows in detail that while the concept of functional groups gives us a greater understanding of the benthos, the idea is criticized by some as we do not have sufficient information about feeding types and modes of life of many benthic species.

General Procedure to Evaluate the Progress and Results of the Student: Teaching and Learning the Skills of Manufacturing Engineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Lope Domingo ◽  
Jose Antonio Albajez ◽  
Jorge Santolaria
Keyword(s):  
Student Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
Master's Degrees ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Competence Acquisition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The results of this paper suggest that there is a serious problem in the curricula definition of some degrees. It is necessary to analyze the educational activities, teaching methodologies and evaluation systems for the Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees at the institutional level. This will allow for improvements in the evaluation of competence acquisition. Therefore, it is necessary to review the definition of the curricula while paying special attention to the relationship between competences and courses because the current study has detected notable discrepancies. The courses must be evaluated through competences or, more precisely, through the results of the learning process. This would considerably improve an evaluation model of the progress and results on the learning acquired by graduated students in terms of competences and would match what is established in the current regulation. When analysing the results for any two students, a simple comparison based on grades is not realistic, as it depends on the subjectivity of instructors and teachers during the grading process. By contrast, an evaluation based on competences is much more objective and comparable and would demonstrate which university reaches a better level of both general and specific competence achievement. The results of the aforementioned procedure are of interest to employers, enabling them to search and hire the best students in the desired field of study.

Methods for the comparison of fulvic acid samples: the effects of origin and concentration on acidic properties

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Douglas Burch ◽  
Cooper H. Langford ◽  
Donald S. Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Concentration Change ◽  
Acidic Properties ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Equilibrium Function ◽  
Definition Of

The principles according to which the acidic properties of fulvic acid solutions should be compared are demonstrated. An equilibrium function defined and measured for any mixture, including fulvic acid functional groups, will be a weighted average. A concentration change will generally affect this average by changing the relative values of the statistical weights. Concentration corrections are therefore required for the comparison of two fulvic acid solutions. A Chernozem Ah fulvic acid and the previously described Armadale fulvic acid Batch FA1 were examined in this way. They were found to have the same general chemical characteristics, but with somewhat different numerical values. The implications of these results for the definition of fulvic acid are considered.

scholarly journals Optimal Ensemble-Based Selection of Channels from Advanced Sounders in the Presence of Cloud

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 3754-3773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Migliorini
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Channel Selection ◽  
Merit Function ◽  
Correlated Errors ◽  
Optimal Ensemble ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Observation Uncertainty

Abstract This study aims to illustrate a general procedure based on well-known information theory concepts to select the channels from advanced satellite sounders that are most advantageous to assimilate both in clear-sky and overcast conditions using an ensemble-based estimate of forecast uncertainty. To this end, the standard iterative channel selection method, which is used to select the most informative channels from advanced infrared sounders for operational assimilation, was revisited so as to allow its use with measurements that have correlated errors. The method was here applied to determine a 24-humidity-sensitive-channel set that is small in size relative to a total of 8461 channels that are available on the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on board the EUMETSAT Polar System MetOp satellites. The selected channels can be used to perform all-sky data assimilation experiments, in addition to those currently used for operational data assimilation of IASI data at ECMWF. Care was taken to include in the observation uncertainty used for channel selection the contributions arising from imperfect knowledge of the concentration of contaminants (except for cloud) in a given spectral channel. Also, (cumulative) weighting functions that provide a vertically resolved picture of the (total) number of degrees of freedom for signal expressed by a given set of measurements were introduced, which allows for the definition of a novel channel selection merit function that can be used to select measurements that are most sensitive to variations of a given parameter over a given atmospheric region (e.g., in the troposphere).

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