O2.cntdot.- Addition to ketomalonate leads to decarboxylation: a chain reaction in oxygenated aqueous solution

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (18) ◽  
pp. 6934-6937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Nien Schuchmann ◽  
Heinz Peter Schuchmann ◽  
Martina Hess ◽  
Clemens Von Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
A Chain

Radical-Induced Oxidation of Dithiothreitol in Acidic Oxygenated Aqueous Solution:  A Chain Reaction

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (24) ◽  
pp. 5735-5739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manohar Lal ◽  
Raghavendra Rao ◽  
Xingwang Fang ◽  
Heinz-Peter Schuchmann ◽  
Clemens von Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
A Chain

Free-Radical Reductions of Arenediazonium Ions in Aqueous Solution. VI. On Iododediazoniation

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Packer ◽  
RER Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
A Chain

γ-Irradiation of aqueous solutions of p-ClC6H4N2+BF4- and KI initiates a chain reaction in which dichloroazobenzene is the major product. When iodine is also present the chain reaction is longer and the major product is chloroiodobenzene . The reaction � ������������������������� I2-·+ArN2+ → I2+Ar·+N2 is suggested to be propagation step in both reactions, with Ar · reacting with I3- in the presence of iodine and with ArN2+ in its absence. The relevance of these reactions to iododediazoniation is discussed.

Radiation Chemistry of Carbohydrates, X* γ-Radiolysis of Crystalline D-Glucose and D-Fructose

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dizdaroglu ◽  
D. Henneberg ◽  
K. Neuwald ◽  
G. Schomburg ◽  
C. Von Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Radiation Chemistry ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Reaction Schemes

α-D-Glucose and β-D-fructose were γ-irratiated in the solid (polycrystalline) state at room temperature at doses of 3.5 · 1020-4.2 · 1021 eV g-1 (dose rate 1.16 · 1018 eV g-1 min-1). Carbohydrate products containing ≤ 6 carbon atoms were identified and their G-values (in parentheses) measured.Glucose: Dihydroxyacetone (1) (0.05), 3-deoxy-tetrose (2) (0.015), 1,4-dideoxy-2-pentulose (3) (0.05), 2,4-dideoxy-pentose (4) (0.085), 2,4-dideoxy-pentonic acid (5), 2,3-dideoxypentos-4-ulose (6) (together 0.035), threose (7), erythrulose (8), erythrose (9), erythronic acid (10) (together 0.04), 1-deoxy-2-pentulose (11) (0.005), 2-deoxy-ribose (12) (0.25), 3-deoxy-pentosulose (18) (0.02), 3,5-dideoxy-hexonic acid (14) (0.02), 2,3-dideoxy-hexonic acid (15) (0.01), arabinose (16) (0.25), ribose (17), ribonic acid (18) (together 0.02), 2-deoxy-2-C-hydroxymethyl-pentonic acid (19) (0.06), 5-deoxy-gluconic acid (20), 2deoxy-5-keto-glucose (21), 2-deoxy-gluconic acid (22), 2-deoxy-3-keto-glucose (28), 3-deoxy-glucosone (24), 3-deoxy-gluconic acid (25), 3-deoxy-4-keto-glucose (26), 3-deoxymannonic acid (27) (together 0.4). Identified but nor measured quantitatively were glucosone (28), 3-keto-glucose (29), 4-keto-glucose (30), 5-keto-glucose (31) and gluconic acid (82). G(H2) = 5.75; G(CO2) = 0.7.Fructose: 7-9 (together 0.65), 3-deoxy-pentonic acids (37), 3-deoxy-pentosulose (88) (together 0.3), arabonic acid (89) (0.1), 18 (0.05), 6-deoxy-2,5-hexodiulose (40) (40). Identified but not measured quantitatively were glyceraldehyde (34), butanone-(3)-diol-(1,2) (35) and 2- and 3-deoxy-hexodiuloses. G(H2) = 4.75, G(CO2) = 0.05.Reaction schemes are proposed to account for the formation of the products. The scission of the hemiacetal bond and of the C-Η and C-C bonds next to it appears to be typical for solid state irradiations. The formation of deoxy-compounds is observed both in the solid state and in aqueous solution. The formation of dideoxy-compounds is only prominent in the solid state. In polycrystalline fructose a chain reaction is induced leading to 6-deoxy-2,5-hexodiulose (40).

Observations on a Relationship between Steroid Metabolism and the Concentration of Plasma Fibrinogen

1963 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A Amundson ◽  
L. O Pilgeram
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Steroid Metabolism ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
A Chain

SummaryEnovid (5 mg norethynodrel and 0.075 mg ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether) therapy in young normal human subjects causes an increase in plasma fibrinogen of 32.4% (P >C 0.001). Consideration of this effect together with other effects of Enovid on the activity of specific blood coagulatory factors suggests that the steroids are exerting their effect at a specific site of the blood coagulation and/or fibrinolytic system. The broad spectrum of changes which are induced by the steroids may be attributed to a combination of a chain reaction and feed-back control.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Khalid O. Alfarouk ◽  
Sari T. S. AlHoufie ◽  
Samrein B. M. Ahmed ◽  
Mona Shabana ◽  
Ahmed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ Failure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Road Map ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Global War

COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.

Influence of initiation mode on stability and control of a chain reaction

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 1197-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Chen ◽  
P. A. Chartier ◽  
S. Setthachayanon
Keyword(s):  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals On the explosion of chain-thermal reactions

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Ayeni
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Asymptotic Analysis ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Isothermal Reaction ◽  
Thermal Reactions ◽  
Spatially Homogeneous ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
A Chain

AbstractA chain reaction of oxygen (reactant) and hydrogen (active intermediary) with mtrosyl chloride (sensitizer) as a catalyst may be modelled mathematically as a non-isothermal reaction. In this paper we present an asymptotic analysis of a spatially homogeneous model of a non-isothermal branched-chain reaction. Of particular interest is the so-called explosion time and we provide an upper bound for it as a function of the activation energy which can vary over all positive values. We also establish a bound on the temperature when the activation energy is finite.

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