Burning-Rate Studies. VI. Effect of Chemical Composition on the Consumption-Rate of Various Nitric Acid Systems

1958 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Greenville Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Burning Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate

The Influence of Chemical Composition of Liquid Radioactive Waste on the Evaporation Process

2000 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.P. Poluektov ◽  
L.P. Soukhanov ◽  
M.I. Zhicharev
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Liquid Radioactive Waste ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Simplified Models ◽  
Salt Systems

ABSTRACTA method is suggested to assess the tolerable salt content of the evaporator bottoms from the data on solubility in salt systems taken as simplified models of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) arising from nuclear power plants (NPP) with boiling reactors. It has been demonstrated that the degree of evaporation may be substantially increased by implementing the process in nitric acid. Equations have been derived that allow the calculation of the minimum needed acidity of the solution to allow maximum evaporation.

Burning‐Rate Studies. A Negative Pressure Exponent in the Consumption‐Rate Equation for a Liquid System

1957 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-718
Author(s):  
A. Greenville Whittaker ◽  
Harry Williams ◽  
Penniman M. Rust
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Liquid System

scholarly journals Airborne and ground-based observations of ammonium nitrate dominated aerosols in a shallow boundary layer during intense winter pollution episodes in northern Utah

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Franchin ◽  
Dorothy L. Fibiger ◽  
Lexie Goldberger ◽  
Erin E. McDuffie ◽  
Alexander Moravek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Northern Utah ◽  
Total Ammonium ◽  
Pollution Episodes ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Airborne and ground-based measurements of aerosol concentrations, chemical composition and gas phase precursors were obtained in three valleys in northern Utah (U.S.A.). The measurements were part of the Utah Winter Fine Particulate Study (UWFPS) that took place in January–February, 2017. Total aerosol mass concentrations of PM1 were measured from a Twin Otter aircraft, with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). PM1 concentrations ranged from less than 2 μg m−3 during clean periods to over 100 μg m−3 during the most polluted episodes, consistent with PM2.5 total mass concentrations measured concurrently at ground sites. Across the entire region, increases in total aerosol mass above ~ 2 μg m−3 were associated with increases in the ammonium nitrate mass fraction, clearly indicating that the highest aerosol mass loadings in the region were predominantly attributable to an increase in ammonium nitrate. The chemical composition was regionally homogenous for total aerosol mass concentrations above 17.5 μg m−3, with 74 ± 5 % (average ± standard deviation) ammonium nitrate, 18 ± 3 % organic material, 6 ± 3 % ammonium sulfate, and 2 ± 2 % ammonium chloride. Vertical profiles of aerosol mass and volume in the region showed variable concentrations with height in the polluted boundary layer. Higher average mass concentrations were observed within the first few hundred meters above ground level in all three valleys during pollution episodes. Gas phase measurements of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) during the pollution episodes revealed that in Cache and Utah Valley, partitioning of inorganic semi-volatiles to the aerosol phase was usually limited by the amount of gas phase nitric acid, with NH3 being in excess. The inorganic species were compared with the ISORROPIA thermodynamic model. Total inorganic aerosol mass concentrations were calculated for various decreases of total nitrate and total ammonium. For pollution episodes, our simulations of a 50 % decrease in total nitrate lead to a 46 ± 3 % decrease in total PM1 mass. A simulated 50 % decrease in total ammonium lead to a 36 ± 17% µg m−3 in total PM1 mass, over the entire area of the study. Despite some differences among different locations, our results also showed a higher sensitivity to decreasing nitric acid concentrations and the importance of ammonia at the lowest total nitrate conditions. In the Salt Lake Valley, both HNO3 and NH3 concentrations controlled aerosol formation.

scholarly journals Airborne and ground-based observations of ammonium-nitrate-dominated aerosols in a shallow boundary layer during intense winter pollution episodes in northern Utah

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 17259-17276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Franchin ◽  
Dorothy L. Fibiger ◽  
Lexie Goldberger ◽  
Erin E. McDuffie ◽  
Alexander Moravek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Northern Utah ◽  
Total Ammonium ◽  
Pollution Episodes ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Airborne and ground-based measurements of aerosol concentrations, chemical composition, and gas-phase precursors were obtained in three valleys in northern Utah (USA). The measurements were part of the Utah Winter Fine Particulate Study (UWFPS) that took place in January–February 2017. Total aerosol mass concentrations of PM1 were measured from a Twin Otter aircraft, with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). PM1 concentrations ranged from less than 2 µg m−3 during clean periods to over 100 µg m−3 during the most polluted episodes, consistent with PM2.5 total mass concentrations measured concurrently at ground sites. Across the entire region, increases in total aerosol mass above ∼2 µg m−3 were associated with increases in the ammonium nitrate mass fraction, clearly indicating that the highest aerosol mass loadings in the region were predominantly attributable to an increase in ammonium nitrate. The chemical composition was regionally homogenous for total aerosol mass concentrations above 17.5 µg m−3, with 74±5 % (average ± standard deviation) ammonium nitrate, 18±3 % organic material, 6±3 % ammonium sulfate, and 2±2 % ammonium chloride. Vertical profiles of aerosol mass and volume in the region showed variable concentrations with height in the polluted boundary layer. Higher average mass concentrations were observed within the first few hundred meters above ground level in all three valleys during pollution episodes. Gas-phase measurements of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) during the pollution episodes revealed that in the Cache and Utah valleys, partitioning of inorganic semi-volatiles to the aerosol phase was usually limited by the amount of gas-phase nitric acid, with NH3 being in excess. The inorganic species were compared with the ISORROPIA thermodynamic model. Total inorganic aerosol mass concentrations were calculated for various decreases in total nitrate and total ammonium. For pollution episodes, our simulations of a 50 % decrease in total nitrate lead to a 46±3 % decrease in total PM1 mass. A simulated 50 % decrease in total ammonium leads to a 36±17 % µg m−3 decrease in total PM1 mass, over the entire area of the study. Despite some differences among locations, our results showed a higher sensitivity to decreasing nitric acid concentrations and the importance of ammonia at the lowest total nitrate conditions. In the Salt Lake Valley, both HNO3 and NH3 concentrations controlled aerosol formation.

scholarly journals II. The passive state of iron and steel. Part III

1891 ◽  
Vol 49 (296-301) ◽  
pp. 481-488
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Steel Part ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Passive State ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron

The author is not aware that any previous experiments have hitherto been made showing the relative passivity of the various kinds of steel compared with wrought iron, or the influence of the chemical composition and physical structure of such metals on their passive condition in nitric acid.

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