THE MAGNESIUM—MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SYSTEM. A CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRIC STUDY1

1963 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2460-2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Van Norman ◽  
J. J. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
System A

Raman spectroscopic studies of structural properties of solid and molten states of the magnesium chloride – alkali metal chloride system

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Brooker ◽  
C.-H. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Metal Chloride ◽  
Alkali Metal Chloride ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic

Raman spectra have been recorded for solids and melts of composition MgCl2 + nACl (n = 0–4 and A = Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li). Characteristic spectra have been observed for each of the solids predicted from phase diagram studies and an additional two compounds formulated as Rb3MgCl5 and K3MgCl5 were detected. The compounds Cs2MgCl4, Cs3MgCl5, and Rb3MgCl5 contain the discrete MgCl42− tetrahedral ion which has been characterized by its Raman spectrum. These compounds melt with retention of the MgCl42− ion. Most other solids appear to contain distorted network octahedra with face-, edge-, or corner-shared chlorides. These solids melt to give the more stable tetrahedral MgCl42− ion. In melts of high MgCl2 concentration a new peak was detected which appears to be characteristic of the dimeric Mg2Cl73− ion which exists in equilibrium with the MgCl42− ion. The results are compared to similar studies on the better characterized CsCl–AlCl3 system.

The transformation of aluminium species in the processes of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.Z. Zhao ◽  
H.W. Yang ◽  
Y.T. Guan ◽  
Z.P. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
System A ◽  
Doc Concentration ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Aluminium Species

The aluminium toxicity is closely related to aluminium species. In this work aluminium was fractionated into seven forms: Al(T), Al(Sus), Al(C + S), Al(S), Al(C), Al(O) and Al(I). Four Al-based coagulants and simulated raw water were used in the laboratory to investigate the aluminium transformation in coagulation, sedimentation and filtration processes. It is the use of Al-based coagulants that contributes more to the increase of the residual aluminium for the low-turbidity raw water, while the Al-based coagulants, especially the polymeric aluminium coagulants, work to remove the aluminium from the high-turbidity raw water. In the case of traditional coagulants, the increase of the turbidity or the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the raw water results in a high concentration of Al(C + S). The removal rate of aluminium species in the filtration process is not only related to its size: RAl(Sus) > RAl(C + S), RAl(C) > RAl(S), but also to the physicochemical properties of aluminium species and filter. For the kaolin-polyaluminium chloride system, a lower removal rate of aluminium species results is due to the complexation of humic acid and aluminium species.

New Design for a Differentially Pumped Hydration Chamber for a Siemens IA

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
R. C. Moretz ◽  
G. G. Hausner ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Thin Membrane ◽  
Reliable System ◽  
System A ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Aperture Opening

Electron microscopy and diffraction of biological materials in the hydrated state requires the construction of a chamber in which the water vapor pressure can be maintained at saturation for a given specimen temperature, while minimally affecting the normal vacuum of the remainder of the microscope column. Initial studies with chambers closed by thin membrane windows showed that at the film thicknesses required for electron diffraction at 100 KV the window failure rate was too high to give a reliable system. A single stage, differentially pumped specimen hydration chamber was constructed, consisting of two apertures (70-100μ), which eliminated the necessity of thin membrane windows. This system was used to obtain electron diffraction and electron microscopy of water droplets and thin water films. However, a period of dehydration occurred during initial pumping of the microscope column. Although rehydration occurred within five minutes, biological materials were irreversibly damaged. Another limitation of this system was that the specimen grid was clamped between the apertures, thus limiting the yield of view to the aperture opening.

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