An X-Ray Survey of the Lead Chloride—Thallium Chloride System

1964 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1584-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Kelsey ◽  
Lewis Katz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thallium Chloride

X-ray absorption study of molten uranium chloride system

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (sup3) ◽  
pp. 638-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Okamoto ◽  
Mitsuo Akabori ◽  
Akinori Itoh ◽  
Toru Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Study ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Vapor pressure of the cadmium chloride-lead chloride system

1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. George ◽  
Robert M. Doerr ◽  
Aarne Visnapuu
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
Chloride Lead

X-ray diffraction study of lead chloride

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nitsch ◽  
K. Knížek ◽  
M. Rodová
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Studies on the preparation of lead(II) chloride from galvanizing plant wastes

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
AJMT Neger ◽  
A Gafur ◽  
ASW Kurny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Galvanizing plant wastes containing 71.82% lead was leached in hydrochloric acid. Lead was precipitated from the leach liquor as lead chloride and purified by recrystallisation. The process parameters like concentration of hydrochloric acid, time of leaching, mode of reaction, number of re-crystallization etc. were optimised. Nearly 70% of lead contained by the waste material could be leached out and converted to lead(II) chloride. The product (PbCl2) was characterised by atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis showed that the product was 93% pure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the product possess cotunnite phase having orthorhombic structure. The needle like shape of the prepared PbCl2 crystal was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Physical properties like melting point and density were also very close to those reported in literature. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(4), 415-420, 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i4.14071

Über zwei Modifikationen von "Tl2Cl3"-valenzgemischten Thallium(I)-hexahalogenothallaten(III) Tl3 [TlCl6] / On Two Modifications of "Tl2Cl3"-Mixed Valence Thallium(I)-hexahalogenothallates(III)

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhild Böhme ◽  
Jörg Rath ◽  
Bernd Grunwald ◽  
Gerhard Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Mixed Valence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Thallium Chloride

The mixed valence thallium chloride "Tl2Cl3" is polymorphous. Raman spectra and comparable lattice translations suggest similar structures of both modifications. The crystal structure of the rhombic α-Tl2Cl3 crystallizing in yellow, needle-shaped crystals, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data. The unit cell with cell parameters a= 1474.8(5) pm, b - 2508.7(6) pm and c = 1267.6(2) pm contains 16 formula units distributed on 24 independent atom positions. The compound is a mixed valence thallium(I)-hexachlorothallate(III) Tl3[TlCl6] because three of the nine independent Tl atoms are surrounded octahedrally by CI atoms in distances of 250-265 pm, while the other Tl atoms have seven, eight or nine CI neighbours variing between 306 and 383 pm.β-Tl3[TlCl6] forms pale yellow thin platelets and crystallizes monoclinic with cell parameters a = 2549.4(13) pm, 6 = 1469.9(8) pm, c = 1308.5(12) pm and β = 108.58°.

scholarly journals Application of µ-Raman spectroscopy to the study of the corrosion products of archaeological coins

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Tilde De Caro ◽  
Emma Angelini ◽  
Leila Es Sebar
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Excavation Site

<p>In this paper, a study of the corrosion products formed on archaeological bronze artefacts excavated in Tharros (Sardinia, Italy) is presented. The investigation was carried out by means of the combination of different analytical techniques, including optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The artefacts under study are three bronze coins from the Phoenician–Punic period that are deeply corroded due to the chloride-rich soil of the Tharros excavation site. µ-Raman spectroscopy was chosen to investigate the corroded surfaces of the artefacts because it is a non-destructive technique, it has high spatial resolution, and it makes it possible to discriminate between polymorphs and correlate colour and chemical composition. Through µ-RS, it was possible to identify different mineralogical phases and different polymorphs, such as cuprite (Cu<sub>2</sub>O), copper trihydroxychloride [Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>3</sub>] polymorphs, hydroxy lead chloride laurionite [PbCl(OH)] and calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite. The experimental findings highlight that micro-Raman spectroscopy can be used to provide further knowledge regarding the environmental factors that may cause the degradation of archaeological bronzes in soil.</p>

EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON THE GROWTH AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450044 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIBAN PODDER ◽  
RICHARD WILLIAM EVITTS ◽  
ROBERT WILLIAM BESANT
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solvent Evaporation Process ◽  
Vickers Micro Hardness

Pure potassium chloride ( KCl ) and lead chloride ( PbCl 2)-doped KCl crystals were grown from saturated aqueous solutions by a solvent evaporation process. The effects of Pb 2+ on the surface morphology, structural and mechanical properties of KCl crystal were investigated. The surface morphology of the cubic structured crystals was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and the elemental mappings at the microstructural level were determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The mass growth rate was found to decrease when the Pb 2+ ions were present and the volume growth flux was also found to decrease with time and initial concentration of impurity. A Vickers micro-hardness study shows that Pb -doped KCl crystals are harder than pure KCl crystals.

A powder X-ray diffraction study of lead chloride oxalate Pb2Cl2(C2O4): ab initio structure determination and thermal behavior

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaouki Boudaren ◽  
Jean-Paul Auffrédic ◽  
Michèle Louër ◽  
Daniel Louër
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Ab Initio Structure

Mixed lead chloride oxalate, Pb2Cl2(C2O4), has been obtained in a polycrystalline form in the course of a study on precursors of nanocrystalline PZT-type oxides. Its crystal structure has been solved ab initio from powder diffraction data collected using a monochromatic radiation from a conventional X-ray source. The symmetry is monoclinic, space group C2/m, the cell dimensions are a=5.9411(3) Å, b=5.8714(4) Å, c=9.4212(4) Å, β=95.232(4)° and Z=2. The structure consists of a stacking of complex double sheets, built from lead polyhedra, parallel to (001) and connected together through oxalate groups. The lead atom is nine-fold coordinated by four O atoms from one bidentate and two monodentate oxalate groups and five Cl atoms. The polyhedron can be described as a highly distorted square antiprism mono-capped by a Cl atom. The thermal behavior of lead chloride oxalate, in vacuum and in air, is carefully described from temperature-dependent powder diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. It is shown that reaction pathways are complicated by the identification of various oxide chloride phases.

scholarly journals The apparent hemihedrism of crystals of lead chloride and some other salts

1931 ◽  
Vol 132 (819) ◽  
pp. 266-281 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Optically Active ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Methods ◽  
Different Order ◽  
External Characteristics ◽  
Low Symmetry

One of the most interesting problems of crystal structure is found in the contradiction between the evidence obtained by X-ray methods and that derived from superficial measurement or from observations of the action of etching reagents. It is well known, for instance, that if the cube faces of sylvine are etched, square figures may appear, the sides of which are not parallel to the edges of the crystal cube, and are referable only to holoaxial symmetry. There are two ways of accounting for this. In the first place the structure may be really hemihedral. The faces having the general indices ( hkl ) and ( h¯ kl ) will then contain different arrangements of atoms and the planes in which these atoms are placed, parallel to the two faces, will follow each other in different order in the two cases. On the other hand, the symmetry of the structure may be holohedral. The two faces will then be mirror images of each other and the growth of one in preference to another can be due only to a selective agent which itself has only axial, if any, symmetry. The first view only of the matter was held until 1926. In that year Herzfeld und Hettich came to the conclusion that the second was correct, for the figures were symmetrical when precautions were taken to secure purity of the surface and of the reagent. They ascribed the unsymmetrical figures therefore to the action of an optically active impurity. Objections raised by Valeton were answered by the two authors named. Lowry and Vernon found, however, that unsymmetrical figures need not be produced even when traces of optically active reagents were dissolved in the etching liquid. More recently Royer has shown that the etch-figures produced on calcite, dolomite and calamine by optically active or inactive organic acids have a symmetry which is dependent on the molecular configuration of the acid. The figures produced on calcite by d tartaric acid, for example, have no reference to the planes of symmetry of the calcite structure, and are enantiomorphous to those produced by the l acid. In a later paper Royer has described similar results from experiments on the etching of sulphur and calcite by impure natural hydro­carbons and has concluded that many crystallised minerals, which, judging from external characteristics, belong to a low class of symmetry, owe this low symmetry to the influence of the surrounding medium.

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