Oxidations of amines. VIII. Role of the cation radical in the oxidation of triethylenediamine by chlorine dioxide and hypochlorous acid

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 2147-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry A. Hull ◽  
W. P. Giordano ◽  
David H. Rosenblatt ◽  
George Thomas Davis ◽  
Charles K. Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Cation Radical

Understanding the Role of Chlorine and Ozone to Control Postharvest Diseases in Fruit and Vegetables: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
Gabriela M. Baia ◽  
Otniel Freitas-Silva ◽  
Murillo F. Junior
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
By Products

Fruits and vegetables are foods that come into contact with various types of microorganisms from planting to their consumption. A lack or poor sanitation of these products after harvest can cause high losses due to deterioration and/ or pathogenic microorganisms. There are practically no post-harvest fungicides or bactericides with a broad spectrum of action that have no toxic residual effects and are safe. However, to minimize such problems, the use of sanitizers is an efficient device against these microorganisms. Chlorine is the most prevalent sanitizing agent because of its broad spectrum, low cost and well-established practices. However, the inevitable formation of disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), is considered one of the main threats to food safety. Alternative sanitizers, such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone, are becoming popular as a substitute for traditional post-harvest treatments. Thus, this review addresses the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone emphasizing aspects, such as usage, safe application, spectrum of action and legislation. In order to ensure the quality and safety of final products, the adoption of well-prepared sanitation and sanitation programs for post-harvest fruits and vegetables is essential.

THE ROLE OF MYELOPEROXIDASE AND NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S4-S4
Author(s):  
Belal Chami ◽  
Gulfam Ahmad ◽  
Angie Schroder ◽  
Patrick San Gabriel ◽  
Paul Witting
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutrophil Migration ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

Abstract Neutrophils are short-lived immune cells that represent the major cell type recruited to the inflamed bowel releasing their azurophilic granules containing enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO). Fecal and serum MPO levels has previously been shown to correlate to disease severity in IBD patients. MPO, in the presence of H2O2 and free Cl- undergoes a halogenation cycle, yielding the two-electron oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) - a potent bactericidal agent. However, chronic intestinal exposure to MPO/HOCl due to perpetual inflammation may cause secondary host-tissue injury and cell death. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)osis is a specialised form of neutrophil death where MPO is entrapped in a DNA scaffold and continues to elicit HOCl activity and may further contribute to host-tissue injury. We investigated the presence of NETs in surgically excised ileum samples from CD and healthy patients using advanced confocal microscopic techniques and found MPO, Neutrophil Elastase (NE) and Citrullinated Histone h3 (CitH3) - critical components of NET formation, individually positively correlate to the severity of histopathological intestinal injury. Furthermore, multiplex Opal™ IHC performed using LMS880 Airyscan-moduled microscopy with z-stacking revealed colocalization of NE, MPO, CitH3 and DAPI indicating the extensive presence of NETs in severely affected CD tissue. Using two pharmacological inhibitors of MPO in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of murine colitis, we demonstrated the pathological role of MPO in experimental colitis. MPO inhibitors, TEMPOL and AZD3241 delivered via daily i.p significantly rescued the course of colitis by abrogating clinical indices including body weight loss, disease activity index, inhibiting serum peroxidation, and preserving colon length, while significantly mitigating histoarchitectural damage associated with DSS-induced colitis. We also showed that MPO inhibition decreased neutrophil migration to the gut, suggesting MPO may play a role in perpetuating the inflammatory cell by further recruiting cells to the inflamed gut. Collectively, we have shown for the first time that MPO is not only an important clinical marker of disease severity but may also play a critical role in perpetuating host-tissue damage and inflammation.

Mechanism Involving Hydrogen Sulfite Ions, Chlorite Ions, and Hypochlorous Acid as Key Intermediates of the Autocatalytic Chlorine Dioxide-Thiourea Dioxide Reaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (30) ◽  
pp. 5011-5020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Hu ◽  
Attila K. Horváth ◽  
Sasa Duan ◽  
György Csekő ◽  
Sergei V. Makarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Thiourea Dioxide ◽  
Chlorite Ions ◽  
Sulfite Ions

scholarly journals Glutathione Participation in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Deyamira Matuz-Mares ◽  
Héctor Riveros-Rosas ◽  
María Magdalena Vilchis-Landeros ◽  
Héctor Vázquez-Meza
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Reactive Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathologies

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (such as occlusion of the coronary arteries, hypertensive heart diseases and strokes) are diseases that generate thousands of patients with a high mortality rate worldwide. Many of these cardiovascular pathologies, during their development, generate a state of oxidative stress that leads to a deterioration in the patient’s conditions associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Within these reactive species we find superoxide anion (O2•–), hydroxyl radical (•OH), nitric oxide (NO•), as well as other species of non-free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HClO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO–). A molecule that actively participates in counteracting the oxidizing effect of reactive species is reduced glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that is present in all tissues and that its synthesis and/or regeneration is very important to be able to respond to the increase in oxidizing agents. In this review, we will address the role of glutathione, its synthesis in both the heart and the liver, and its importance in preventing or reducing deleterious ROS effects in cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Tertiary amine-catalyzed generation of chlorine dioxide from hypochlorous acid and chlorite ions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefania Isaza Ferro ◽  
Jordan Perrin ◽  
Owain George John Dawson ◽  
Tapani Vuorinen
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Tertiary Amine ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Suitable Candidate ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Chlorite Ions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rate Limiting

AbstractThe reaction between hypochlorous acid and chlorite ions is the rate limiting step for in situ chlorine dioxide regeneration. The possibility of increasing the speed of this reaction was analyzed by the addition of tertiary amine catalysts in the system at pH 5. Two amines were tested, DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) and its derivative CEM-DABCO (1-carboethoxymethyl-1-azonia-4-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride). The stability of the catalysts in the presence of both reagents and chlorine dioxide was measured, with CEM-DABCO showing to be highly stable with the mentioned chlorine species, whereas DABCO was rapidly degraded by chlorine dioxide. Hence, CEM-DABCO was chosen as a suitable candidate to catalyze the reaction of hypochlorous acid with chlorite ions and it significantly increased the speed of this reaction even at low catalyst dosages. This research opens the door to a faster regeneration of chlorine dioxide and an improved efficiency in chlorine dioxide treatments.

scholarly journals Disinfection efficiency of hospital infectious disease wards with chlorine dioxide and hypochlorous acid

Aerobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chun Lu ◽  
Po-Lin Chen ◽  
Da-Ji Huang ◽  
Chih-Kuo Liang ◽  
Ching-Shan Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid

scholarly journals Myeloperoxidase Modulates Hydrogen Peroxide Mediated Cellular Damage in Murine Macrophages

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1255
Author(s):  
Chaorui Guo ◽  
Inga Sileikaite ◽  
Michael J. Davies ◽  
Clare L. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Macrophage Cell

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is involved in the development of many chronic inflammatory diseases, in addition to its key role in innate immune defenses. This is attributed to the excessive production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) by MPO at inflammatory sites, which causes tissue damage. This has sparked wide interest in the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent HOCl-induced cellular damage including supplementation with thiocyanate (SCN−) as an alternative substrate for MPO. In this study, we used an enzymatic system composed of glucose oxidase (GO), glucose, and MPO in the absence and presence of SCN−, to investigate the effects of generating a continuous flux of oxidants on macrophage cell function. Our studies show the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glucose and GO results in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in metabolic activity and cell viability, and the activation of stress-related signaling pathways. Interestingly, these damaging effects were attenuated by the addition of MPO to form HOCl. Supplementation with SCN−, which favors the formation of hypothiocyanous acid, could reverse this effect. Addition of MPO also resulted in upregulation of the antioxidant gene, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1. This study provides new insights into the role of MPO in the modulation of macrophage function, which may be relevant to inflammatory pathologies.

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