Thermal Stability, Combustion Behavior, and Toxic Gases in Fire Effluents of an Intumescent Flame-Retarded Polypropylene System

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 6978-6984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Sheng Wang ◽  
Guo-Hui Wang ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
Yun-Hong Jiao ◽  
Dan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
In Fire

Comparative study of toxicity for thermoplastic polyurethane and its flame-retardant composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1393-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Liu ◽  
Ruowen Zong ◽  
Haiyan Chen ◽  
Junling Wang ◽  
Chaopeng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tube Furnace ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Toxicity Effect ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Toxic Product ◽  
In Fire

Toxic product in fire disasters is the most important reason for fire casualties. With wide application of polymer material, the toxic products in fire effluents are getting more and more diversified and complicated. Polyurethane is one of the most widely used materials. In this article, the fire toxicant release has been evaluated for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and its flame-retardant composites. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum hydroxide (ATH), and nano-montmorillonite (MMT) were combined into different flame-retardant combinations at certain ratios. Three kinds of flame-retardant combinations (APP-ATH, APP-MMT, and APP-ATH-MMT) were blended to reduce toxicity of TPU. The properties of thermal stability and decomposition were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA/infrared spectrometry, static tube furnace, and steady-state tube furnace were used to evaluate the toxic gases, including CO and HCN. Fractional effective dose (FED) was calculated based on the concentrations of CO, CO2, and HCN. The results showed that more than 50% toxicity effect in FED was accounted for HCN. The comprehensive toxicity of TPU was reduced in the samples with APP-ATH and APP-ATH-MMT. The yields of CO, CO2, and O2 consumption were indicated much lower in the samples with APP-ATH-MMT than the other two combinations.

Halogen and halogen-free flame retarded biologically-based polyamide with markedly suppressed smoke and toxic gases releases

2020 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 107737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongmin Cai ◽  
Junling Wang ◽  
Chuanhui Zhang ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Sujun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Halogen Free

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

A Thermometric Analysis for an Explosion Accident in a Nitromethane Rectification Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 629 ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Qian Qian Xin ◽  
Shuang Ming Jia
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Explosion Accidents ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Accident Site ◽  
Rectification Process

The chemical plays an important role in fire or explosion accidents during the chemical process. It is of great significance to study thermal explosion risks of chemicals through thermometric analysis. There are usually two parameters most widely used to determine the thermal stability, TD24 and SADT, to judge whether chemicals will explode under such reaction conditions. This article chooses thermometric analysis method to investigate an explosion accident in a process of nitromethane rectification. It is an effective way to analyze the accident causes from the angle of thermal stability. Samples including crude product, 99% product and raffinate have been collected from the accident site, with which three thermometric analysis experiments have been performed. Through these experiments, heat releasing curves of samples at different heating rates were measured, offering essential data for calculating TD24 and SADT. These results are able to help conclude what contributes most to this accident and what are the probable causes, as well as providing scientific support for how to prevent explosion in consideration of the thermal stability.

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