Effect of Various Cations on the Formation of Calcium Carbonate and Barium Sulfate Scale with and without Scale Inhibitors

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 5852-5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm A. Kelland
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Barium Sulfate

Treatment of Coal Fly Ash And Its Environmentally Friendly Use In Rubber And Plastic Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zawar Hussain ◽  
Gao Lizhen ◽  
Wang Haitao ◽  
Tehreem Ayaz ◽  
Amir Zeb Khan
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Talcum Powder ◽  
Coal Power Plants ◽  
Coal Power

Abstract Coal power plants are the major contributor of electricity but these power plants are also producing waste in the form of coal fly ash (CFA). However, it can cause high risk of environmental pollution and pulmonary diseases in humans. Plastic waste is also a problematic waste for many countries in terms of its reuse and recycling. Therefore, this study aims to reuse the waste product (CFA) of coal power plants in rubber conveyer belt instead of calcium carbonate or talcum powder and in recycling of plastic propylene as bonding filler material instead of barium sulfate to increase the durability of plastic products and reduce cost, CFA waste and plastic waste. For this purpose, CFA was treated by different pulverization techniques for the production of conveyor belt. The study found that the most favorable technique was shear based pulverization technique. Application of CFA with rubber was compared with two different chemicals (calcium carbonate and talcum powder) and found that the elongation at break of conveyor belt was 35% increased and abrasion volume was 64% reduced by using treated CFA. Furthermore, CFA was used in molten mass of plastic instead of barium sulfate and the results showed that the use of CFA has improved the dimensional stability of plastic material reducing the cost per ton by 2410 CNY. The study concluded that the performance was increased by applying CFA with a reduction in price as compared to other chemicals.

Evaluation of a New Barium Sulfate Dissolver and the Effect of the Presence of Calcium Carbonate in the Dissolution Rate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal AlAamri ◽  
Mohammad AlDahlan ◽  
Fares M. Al-Otaibi ◽  
Abdulaziz Al-Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Barium Sulfate

Properties of Hard Rubber. XIV. Influence of Some Ingredients on Surface Deterioration in Sunlight

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-759
Author(s):  
H. F. Church ◽  
L. H. N. Cooper ◽  
H. A. Daynes
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Surface Resistivity ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Inert Filler ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Insulating Properties

Abstract Experiments have been made to find to what extent ingredients capable of reacting with sulfuric acid to form insoluble sulfates can prevent the loss of insulating properties of hard rubber on exposure to daylight. Hard rubbers containing small and large percentages of calcium and barium carbonates and litharge have been tested, along with a comparable unloaded material and one containing an inert filler, barium sulfate. In no case was there a substantial improvement. Although the basic fillers gave better results than the inert filler, the samples containing them were inferior to the unloaded sample. The partial recovery of insulating properties on removal from light after a low surface resistivity has been reached has been investigated. Appreciable recovery took place in all cases, but this was most marked with the sample containing calcium carbonate. It was anticipated that the basic ingredients examined would to some extent prevent the undesirable effects of acid forma- tion in cases where the exposure to light was not continuous or so severe as bright north daylight. Further experiments on this point are recommended. The value of benzidine as an ingredient which forms an insoluble sulfate was tested by treating the surface of hard rubber with aqueous and benzene solutions of this material. Appreciable improvement was observed in each case. Attempts to prepare vulcanizates containing benzidine or derivatives of it having the same protective effect were unsuccessful.

Test Method Development and Scale Inhibitor Evaluations for High-Salinity Brines in the Williston Basin

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiping Lu ◽  
Chris Haugen ◽  
Tim Garza ◽  
Jeffrey Russek ◽  
Baker Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Method Development ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Williston Basin ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Strontium Sulfate

Abstract In the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, high-salinity brines (total dissolved solids > 250, 000 mg/L) present during oil and gas production cause severe scale problems in the Williston Basin. The scales include not only calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, but also sodium chloride (halite). This paper presents the development of test methods and their corresponding testing results for scale inhibitor evaluations in the laboratory and their applications in the field for high-salinity brines. It is well known that there is no effective test method for halite scale inhibitor laboratory testing due to the difficulty of controlling the amount of halite precipitation and reproducibility in the test. The evaluation of scale inhibitor performance was conducted by using a tube-blocking test and a static bottle test with synthetic high-salinity brines from the Williston Basin. Two sets of brines were designed, based on the field brine, and were tested with two methods. One set of brine was for halite scale inhibitor evaluation by mixing near-saturated NaCl synthetic brine with a highly concentrated brine of CaCl2·2H2O + NaCl. The second set of brine was designed to evaluate scale inhibitor performance on calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, and strontium sulfate by modified brines. Three types of scale inhibitors were used for the performance evaluations, including halite scale inhibitors, general scale inhibitors, and a multifunctional scale inhibitor. The lab test results showed the multifuntinal scale inhibitor exhibited good scale inhibition performance for both sets of scale testing. Successful scale inhibitor implementations in the field applications and case history are also presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Análisis de materiales artísticos mediante espectroscopia infrarroja por reflectancia total atenuada

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Astrid Carolina Blanco Guerrero ◽  
Marta Silvia Maier
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Prussian Blue ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Fingerprint Region ◽  
Titanium White

este trabajo describe el análisis por espectroscopia infrarroja utilizando la técnica de reflectancia total atenuada de pinturas al óleo y acrílicas comerciales conteniendo blanco de titanio, azul de Prusia y verde de ftalocianina como pigmentos.  Las pinturas al óleo con azul de Prusia mostraron la presencia de cargas como carbonato de calcio y sulfato de bario. El análisis de una réplica de una pintura acrílica con blanco de titanio sobre la que se aplicó una capa de barniz Paraloid B-67 dio un espectro infrarrojo correspondiente al barniz, no registrándose bandas de la capa de la formulación con blanco de titanio. Por otra parte, en las pinturas al óleo y acrílicas con verde de ftalocianina se diferenciaron claramente ambos aglutinantes y se identificó el pigmento en base a algunas señales características en la zona de la huella digital. Los resultados muestran la versatilidad de la técnica vibracional en el estudio de materiales artísticos. Resumo: Este trabalho descreve a análise por espectroscopia de infravermelho usando a técnica de reflectância total atenuada de tintas a óleo e acrílicos comerciais contendo branco de titânio, azul da Prússia e verde de ftalocianina como pigmentos. As pinturas a óleo com azul da Prússia mostraram a presença de cargas como carbonato de cálcio e sulfato de bário. A análise de uma réplica de uma tinta acrílica com branco de titânio sobre a qual foi aplicada uma camada de verniz Paraloid B-67 produziu um espectro infravermelho correspondente ao verniz, não registrando bandas da camada de formulação com branco de titânio. Por outro lado, no óleo e acrílicos com verde de ftalocianina, ambos os aglutinantes foram claramente diferenciados e o pigmento foi identificado com base em alguns sinais característicos em áreas de fingerprint. Os resultados mostram a versatilidade da técnica vibracional no estudo de materiais artísticos. Abstract: this work describes the analysis by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy of oil and acrylic commercial paintings with titanium white, Prussian blue and green phthalocyanine as pigments. Oil paintings with Prussian blue showed the presence of calcium carbonate and barium sulfate as extenders. Analysis of a mock-up of an acrylic painting with titanium white with the application of Paraloid B-67 as varnish showed the infrared spectrum of the varnish and no bands of the titanium white painting. On the other hand, in the oil and acrylic paintings with green phthalocyanine both binders were clearly differentiated and the pigment was identified by some characteristic bands in the fingerprint region. Our results show the versatility of the vibrational technique in the study of pictorial materials.

The Kinetics of Crystallization of Scale-Forming Minerals

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Nancollas ◽  
M.M. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Reviewed here is the kinetics of crystal growth of sparingly soluble minerals such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and barium sulfate, which frequently cause scaling problems in oil fields. For all three electrolytes, the crystal growth is surface controlled and follows a second-order rate law with an activation energy for the growth process of 10 to 20 kcal mol(-1). The growth of calcium sulfate seeded crystal above 100 degrees C demonstrates the importance of characterizing polymorphic transformation processes. Phosphonate scale inhibitors show differing modes of Phosphonate scale inhibitors show differing modes of imbibition in systems precipitating CaCO3 and CaSO4. Introduction The formation of crystals of scale-forming, sparingly soluble minerals continues to be a very serious problem for the petroleum engineer. Scaling arises from a specific set of geological, physical, and chemical conditions. Geological factors such as ground water circulation and mineral composition may mediate in scale formation as may physical factors such as pumping rate, well pressure, and the extent of fluid addition to the oil-bearing formation. However, the principal factors regulating scale formation in the oil field are chemical and such investigations can answer many of the problems. For example, scale caused by the addition problems. For example, scale caused by the addition of surface water to an oil-bearing formation can often be eliminated by chemical treatment of the injected water. A more important scaling arises from changes in subsurface mineral solubility due to variations in temperature and pressure under down-hole conditions. The difficulties are compounded by the fact that conditions frequently encountered under down-hole conditions, notably high pressure and high temperature, cannot be readily simulated in the laboratory. Sampling of an aqueous solution brought to the surface for analysis can lead to entirely misleading results owing not only to changes in temperature and pressure, but also to the fact that the solution may be actively depositing scale minerals within the well. In addition, the possible deposition of carbonate scale is dependent possible deposition of carbonate scale is dependent upon the carbon dioxide partial pressure in contact with the solution. The minerals that appear to pose the most serious problems in oilwell scaling are the sulfates of calcium and barium, and calcium carbonate. Calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate have solubility values that decrease with increasing temperature. The higher ambient temperature in the down-hole situation will therefore encourage the formation of scale deposits of these minerals. In the case of calcium sulfate the problem is complicated by the transition between the dehydrate, hemihydrate, and anhydrite phases. These calcium sulfate polymorphs may be stable or unstable under different conditions of temperature or of ionic strength. Barium sulfate presents a particularly serious problem, since it is very insoluble and cannot be dispersed once it has deposited as scale. Numerous studies have been made of the spontaneous precipitation of sparingly soluble minerals from solutions containing concentrations of the crystal lattice ions considerably in excess of the solubility values. Attempts are usually made to use controlled methods of mixing the reagent solutions containing the lattice ions, but it is extremely difficult to obtain reproducible results from such experiments. There are probably no systems that are entirely free from foreign substances or particles that can readily act as sites for the formation of nuclei of the precipitating phase. The attainment of so-called "homogeneous" phase. The attainment of so-called "homogeneous" nucleation conditions is therefore very difficult even when extreme precautions are taken to exclude impurities and foreign particles from the solutions. Experiments are frequently conducted to determine scaling thresholds in the laboratory by mixing solutions of salts containing the lattice ions and observing the appearance of the first precipitate. Such experiments are open to the same objections as those given above, however; moreover, they are frequently carried out in such a manner as to ignore important kinetic factors in the rate of precipitation. Thermodynamic interpretations of the results assume the attainment of equilibrium and involve the thermodynamic solubility products of the precipitating minerals. precipitating minerals. SPEJ P. 117

A TEM study of the microstructure of avian eggshells

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1102-1103
Author(s):  
S. Q. Xiao ◽  
S. Baden ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Shell Surface ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Polycrystalline Metals ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms

The avian eggshell is one of the most rapidly mineralizing biological systems known. In situ, 5g of calcium carbonate are crystallized in less than 20 hrs to fabricate the shell. Although there have been much work about the formation of eggshells, controversy about the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the calcite crystals, and their texture in the eggshell, still remain unclear. In this report the microstructure and microchemistry of avian eggshells have been analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Fresh white and dry brown eggshells were broken and fixed in Karnosky's fixative (kaltitanden) for 2 hrs, then rinsed in distilled H2O. Small speckles of the eggshells were embedded in Spurr medium and thin sections were made ultramicrotome.The crystalline part of eggshells are composed of many small plate-like calcite grains, whose plate normals are approximately parallel to the shell surface. The sizes of the grains are about 0.3×0.3×1 μm3 (Fig.l). These grains are not as closely packed as man-made polycrystalline metals and ceramics, and small gaps between adjacent grains are visible indicating the absence of conventional grain boundaries.

Investigations on the Nature of Hemophilia A

1963 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 030-052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Mammen
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Normal Human Plasma ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Prothrombin Activation

SummaryIn this paper an inhibitor is described that is found in hemophilic plasma and serum different from any till now described inhibitor. The inhibitor only inhibits prothrombin activation in the “intrinsic clotting systems”. This inhibitor is probably not present in normal human plasma or serum. It is destroyed by ether and freeze drying, is labile to acid and storage at room temperature. It is stable upon dialysis and has not been adsorbed on barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide or kaolin. It precipitates at 50% v/v saturation with alcohol. The nature of this inhibitor seems to be a protein or lipoprotein.Factor VIII was isolated from hemophilic plasma. The amount isolated was the same as from normal plasma and the activity properties were not different. Hemophiliacs have normal amounts of factor VIII.

“In vitro” Neutralization with Oxalate Ion of the Anticoagulant Effect of Heparin

1961 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O Cruz ◽  
L Meis ◽  
C. P Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Aluminium Hydroxide ◽  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Anticoagulant Effect ◽  
Normal Plasma ◽  
Oxalate Ion

SummaryHeparinized blood or plasma coagulates if, after addition of oxalate, recalcification follows. Of the decalcifying agents only oxalate ion has been suitable for demonstrating this phenomenon. Oxalate seem to accomplish two different roles connected with this effect: a fundamental one, i. e., to sensitize a heparinlipoprotein complex to the action of an anti-heparin factor found in normal plasma or serum and a secondary one, related to its capacity to adsorb this antiheparin factor. The latter is removable by centrifugation. This anti-heparin oxalate factor, which is able to counteract the action of heparin after previous addition of oxalate, was found in sequestrened, Dowex 50 resin plasma or in serum, but is not active in citrated plasma. This factor was removed from plasma by adsorption with barium sulfate, aluminium hydroxide or calcium oxalate and was eluted from these adsorbants after incubation with saline.

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